Development of

gut tube: foregut

Objectives
Parts of the gut tube
Artery supply
Derivatives of gut tube
Development of stomach
Development of duodenum
Development of liver and pancreas
Developmental anomalies
Objectives
Parts of the gut tube
Artery supply
Derivatives of gut tube
Development of stomach
Development of duodenum
Development of liver and pancreas
Developmental anomalies
Objectives
Parts of the gut tube
Artery supply
Derivatives of gut tube
Development of stomach
Development of duodenum
Development of liver and pancreas
Developmental anomalies
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) extending from the
buccopharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane
Parts of primitive gut
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) extending from the
buccopharyngeal membrane to the cloacal membrane
arises initially from the endoderm of the trilaminar
embryo (week 2, 3). It later has contributions from all
the germ cell layers.

Germ Layer Contributions

Endoderm - epithelium and associated glands
Mesoderm (splanchnic) - mesentry, connective tissues,
smooth muscle, blood vessels
Ectoderm (neural crest) - enteric nervous system
(neural tube) - extrinsic innervation
Both endoderm and mesoderm will contribute to
associated organs.
Folding of
embryo:
• Cephalocaudal
• Lateral

Incorporation of
yolk sac

Head fold: foregut

Tail fold: hindgut
Mid gut
Embryonic part
Extra embryonic
part

Vitello intestinal
duct
Bucco pharyngeal membrane
To anterior intestinal portal

Anterior to posterior intestinal portal

Post intestinal portal to cloacal membrane

 Gut tube
The digestive tract is
divided based on vascular
supply into –
1. foregut
2. midgut
3. hindgut
• Celiac artery supplies the
foregut
• Superior mesenteric
artery supplies the midgut
• Inferior mesenteric artery
supplies the hindgut
5th week
 Primitive gut
 Development of the primitive gut and its
derivatives is in four sections:

 (a) The pharyngeal gut, or pharynx,

extends from the buccopharyngeal
membrane to the tracheobronchial
diverticulum

 (b) The foregut lies caudal to the

pharyngeal tube and extends as far
caudally as the liver outgrowth.

 (c) The midgut begins caudal to the liver

bud and extends to the junction of the
right two-thirds and left third of the
transverse colon in the adult.

 (d) The hindgut extends from the left

third of the transverse colon to the 4th week
cloacal membrane
Development of foregut - I
Foregut derivatives
Primordial pharynx and its derivatives:
Lower respiratory system
Esophagus and stomach
Duodenum, proximal to the opening of bile duct
Liver, biliary apparatus (hepatic duct, gall bladder
and bile duct) and pancreas
 Foregut derivatives (other than pharynx, lower respiratory
tract and most of the esophagus) are supplied by the
coeliac trunk – the artery of the foregut.
Pharyngeal and Foregut region
Pharynx
Pharynx and oesophagus.
•The short rostral tip of the pharyngeal region form
the pharynx
•The caudal part of pharyngeal region and rostral
foregut forms the oesophagus.
•Oesophagus elongates to match growth of cervical,
Bronchial
and thoracic and abdominal regions. Cr. bud
•Failure to maintain growth rate results in
a short oesophagus resulting in hiatal Ca.
diaphragmatic hernia which is pocketing Oesophagus
of stomach between pleuro-peritoneal membranes

Schematic diagram of ventral view

of gut tube showing development
of pharynx and oesophagus
DEVELOPMENT OF OESOPHAGUS:
1. Lung bud appear from the ventral wall foregut: 4 th week
2. Tracheo oesophageal septum
Ventral: respiratory premodium
Dorsally: oesophagus
At first the oesophagus is short it gradually lengthens
due to descend of heart and lung and septum transversum
Esophagus
At first the esophagus is
short

but with descent of the heart

and lungs it lengthens
rapidly

The muscular coat, which is

formed by surrounding
splanchnic mesenchyme, is
striated in its upper two-
thirds and innervated by the
vagus the muscle coat is
smooth in the lower third
and is innervated by the
splanchnic plexus.
Development source of oesophagus
•Lining epithelium and glands: endoderm of caudal
part of foregut
•Lamina propria, submucosa, muscle: splancnic
mesoderm
Development of stomach
Regional Organogenesis: Stomach
Fusifom dilatation in the lower par of foregut
In the midline
Post border; more growth
Ant border: less growth
Left surface
Right surface

Rotation
Longitudinal axis;
90 degree clockwise
Post border left border
Left surface ant surface

A-P axis
Lower end to the right
upper end to the left
Anomalies of stomach
Omental bursa
 5 week
th 6th week

3rd month
• Foregut - celiac
artery (Adult:
pharynx,
esophagus,
stomach, upper
duodenum, liver,
gallbladder
pancreas)
Stages in the development of
duodenum, liver, biliary ducts
and pancreas
Stages of development of gut

•Solid
•Recanalization
•Cavity
Development of the duodenum
Early in the 4th week the
duodenum develops
from the endoderm of:
 caudal part of foregut

 cranial part of midgut

 and from splanchnic
mesoderm
The junction of the 2
parts of the gut lies just
below or distal to the
origin of bile duct
Due to rotation of stomach and change of position of stomach
Duodenum shifted to the right, become C shaped and fixed in the
posterior abdomen
 A closer look at the mesenteries
5 weeks Last trimester

Langman’s fig 14-30

Langman’s fig 14-26
The stomach and liver are suspended in a mesentery
that is attached to the dorsal and ventral body walls
Dorsal mesentery of stomach becomes the greater
omentum
Ventral mesentery of stomach/dorsal mesentery of
the liver becomes the lesser omentum
Ventral mesentery of the liver becomes the falciform
ligament
The rest of the GI tract is suspended in a dorsal
mesentery (mesodoudenum, mesocolon, etc.)
Dorsal vs.
Ventral
Mesentery
Components
Dorsal mesentery(derivatives)
 Greater omentum
 Gastrosplenic ligament
Gastrophrenic ligament
 Gastrocolic ligament
 Splenorenal ligament
The mesentery
Transverse mesocolon
Sigmoid mesocolon
mesoappendix
Ventral mesentery

Falciform ligament
Lesser omentum
Coronary ligament
Triangular ligaments
Mesenteries
Peritoneal ligaments are double layers of
peritoneum (mesenteries) that pass from one
organ to another or from an organ to the body wall.

Mesenteries and ligaments provide pathways for

vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to and from
abdominal viscera
Development of Pancreas

C D
Rotation of the duodenum also causes it and the
pancreas to become SECONDARILY retroperitoneal
5th week 3rd month

Langman’s fig 14-11

Secondarily retroperitoneal = a structure that was originally in the body coelom

but then got pushed into the body wall during development
Pancreatic anomalies
Annular pancreas
Accessary pancreatic tissue
mucosa of stomach
Meckel’s diverticulum
Anomalies
Development of liver
Development of liver
 th
week: liver and biliary system developed from
ndodermal diverticulum from ventral wall of primitive
Duodenum
Hepatic bud:
eaches the septum transversum
nd divide into: right and
eft branches : 2 lobes

. Parenchyma : endoderm

. Sinosoids: mesodermal-
-broken umbilical and vitelline veins

. Hemopoitic cells, kupffer cells, capsule and stroma

- Mesoderm of septum transversum
Proximal part of liver diverticulum

Gives rise to
1. Lining of biliary tree
2. Lining of gall bladder
Anomalies:
Liver: not siginificant
Gall bladder
•Dublication
•Biliary atresia
Thank You
&
Good Luck