Chapter 4 Flood Routing (Channel Routing)

CHAPTER 4
FLOOD ROUTING
07/13/2024 Abdulkerim Aliyi (MSc.) 1

FLOOD ROUTING
• OBJECTIVES
• Be able to calculate the outflow hydrograph from the
inflow hydrograph to either a reservoir or river reach
• Routing is a procedure that predicts the flow at a point
from known upstream information.
• Flood routing is the technique of determining the flood
hydrograph at a section of a river by utilizing the data of
flood flow at one or more upstream sections

FLOOD ROUTING
• The hydrologic analysis of problems such as
flood forecasting, flood protection, reservoir
and spillway design invariably include flood
routing.
• In these applications two broad categories of
routing can be recognized. These are:
i) Reservoir routing and

• ii) Channel routing

FLOOD ROUTING
i) Reservoir routing
• the effect of a flood wave entering the reservoir is
studied to predict the variation of reservoir
elevation and out flow discharge with time.
 This form of routing is essential/ applicable
(i) in the design of the capacity of spillways and
other reservoir outlet structures
(II) in the location and sizing of the capacity of
reservoirs to meet specific requirements.

FLOOD ROUTING
ii) Channel routing
• In channel routing the changes in the shape of
a hydrograph as it travels down a channel is
studied.
• By considering a channel reach and an input
hydrograph at the upstream end, this form of
routing aims to predict the flood hydrograph at
a various sections of the reach.

FLOOD ROUTING
Methods of flood routing
• hydraulic routing and hydrologic routing.
• Hydrologic routing methods employ essentially

the equation of continuity and a storage
function, indicated as lumped flow routing.
• Hydraulic methods, on the other hand, employ

the continuity equation together with the
equation of motion of unsteady flow.
FLOOD ROUTING
• A flood hydrograph is modified in two ways as
the storm water flows downstream.
• Firstly, and obviously, the time of the peak rate
of flow occurs later at downstream points.
• This is known as translation.
• Secondly, the magnitude of the peak rate of
flow is diminished at downstream points, the
shape of the hydrograph flattens out, and the
volume at the flood water takes longer to pass
a lower section.
• This modification of the hydrograph is called
attenuation.
FLOOD ROUTING

Reservoir/ Level Pool Routing
• For reservoir routing, the following data have

to be known:
• Storage volume versus elevation for the reservoir
• Water surface elevation versus out flow and hence
storage versus outflow discharge
• Inflow hydrograph, I= I(t); and
• Initial values of S, I and O at time t = 0

Reservoir/ Level Pool Routing
• A procedure to calculate outflow hydrograph from a
reservoir with horizontal water surface, given its
inflow hydrograph and storage-outflow
characteristics
• Basic routing equation (from Continuity Eq.).
S S I I O O
t 1 t  t 1 t  t 1 t
t 2 2
 2S t   2S t  1 
 (I I ) O    O 
t  1 t  t t   t t 1 
   

1. Establish 2S / Δt + O as a function of H from H vs. S data and
from the spillway discharge formula
2. At the beginning t=1, all values are known and the values at the
right-hand side are computed.
3. • From the computed value of 2s/Δt + O, a new value of H is
interpreted from 2S/Δt + O vs. H data.
4. • From the computed value of 2S/Δt + O, and O, find s.
5. • Using Spillway formula, find O from H.
6. • From the new values of s and O find 2S/Δt – O.
7. • Add (I1 + I2) and 2S/Δt – O to obtain a new value of 2S/Δt + O.
=

8. • Repeat step 3-7 to find new values of s, O, H, 2S/Δt – O and
2S/Δt + O.
9 • Obtain a new value of S from the calculated value of 2S/Δt + O
curve established earlier.
10 • From the values of 2S/Δt + O and O, a new value of S is
calculated.

Example:A reservoir for detaining flood flows is one acre in horizontal
Function Storage area,has vertical sides, and has a 5-ft diameter reinforced concrete pipe as the
outlet structure. The headwater-discharge relation for the outlet pipe is given in columns 1
and 2 of Table 8.2.2. Use the level pool routing method to calculate the reservoir outflow
from the inflow hydrograph given in columns 2 and ,3 of Table 8.2.3. Assume that the
reservoir is initially empty.
• Reservoir of Area = 43,560 ft2

• Storage= Area * Elevation S = A*H
• eg. S1 = 43,560*0.5=21,780
• Solutions:
• •Column (1) and(2):Time index and time steps for every
10 minutes respectively.
• •Column (3) and (4): The inflow hydrograph and
successive sum.
• •Column (6):computed using eqn. (5)
• •Column (5) estimated using the eqn.
2s/t +Q
2s/Δt + Q vs Q vs Q
300
f(x) = 0.174809593079033 x − 17.0042613297611

250
200
Q discharge
150
100
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
2s/Δt +Q

Channel Routing
• Simulate the movement of water through a channel
Continuity equation • Used to predict the magnitudes, volumes, and temporal
patterns of the flow (often a flood wave) as it translates
Hydrologic Routing down a channel.
Hydraulic Routing • 2 types of routing : hydrologic and hydraulic.
Momentum Equation • both of these methods use some form of the continuity
equation.

Continuity Equation
Continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing
Hydraulic Routing •The change in storage (dS) equals the difference between
inflow (I) and outflow (O) or :
Momentum Equation
dS
=I -O
dt
• For open channel flow, the continuity equation is also often written as :
A Q A = the cross-sectional area,

+ =q Q = channel flow, and
t x q = lateral inflow

Hydrologic Routing
Continuity equation • Methods combine the continuity equation with some
Hydrologic Routing
relationship between storage, outflow, and possibly inflow.
Hydraulic Routing
Momentum Equation • These relationships are usually assumed, empirical, or
analytical in nature.
• An example of such a relationship might be a stage-discharge
relationship.
• Stage is also related to the outflow via a relationship such as
Manning's equation
1.49
Q ARh S f
2 1
3 2
n
Hydraulic Routing
Continuity equation
• Hydraulic routing methods combine the continuity equation
Hydrologic Routing with some more physical relationship describing the actual
Hydraulic Routing physics of the movement of the water.
Momentum Equation
• The momentum equation is the common relationship
employed.
• In hydraulic routing analysis, it is intended that the
dynamics of the water or flood wave movement be more
accurately described

Channel Routing Methods
• Muskingum
• Muskingum-Cunge

Muskingum Method
• Hydrologic (lumped) routing method.
• Handles variable storage-discharge relationship.
• Applies wedge and prism storage to model flood volume in a river channel.
Prism Storage:
• The volume that would exist if the uniform flow occurred at the downstream
depth.
• The volume formed by an imaginary plane parallel to the
channel bottom drawn at the outflow section water surface.
Wedge storage:
• The volume formed between the actual water surface profile and the top surface
of the prism storage.

Prism and Wedge Storage elaborated

Muskingum, cont...

Muskingum Example
Q1.A portion of the inflow hydrograph to a reach of channel is given
below. If the travel time is K=1 unit and the weighting factor is
X=0.30, then find the outflow from the reach for the period shown
below:
Time Inflow C0I2 C1I1 C2O 1 Outflow
0 3 3
1 5
2 10
3 8
4 6
5 5

Example Cont’’
• The first step is to determine the coefficients in this problem.
• The calculations for each of the coefficients is given below:
Kx - 0.5t
C0 = - C0= - ((1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.167
K - Kx + 0.5t
Kx + 0.5t
C1 = C1= ((1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) = 0.667
K - Kx + 0.5t
K - Kx - 0.5 t C2= (1- (1*0.30) - (0.5*1)) / ((1-(1*0.30) + (0.5*1)) =
C2 =
K - Kx + 0.5 t 0.167
Therefore the coefficients in this problem
are:
C0 = 0.167
C1 = 0.667
C2 = 0.167
Example Cont’’
• The three columns now can be
calculated.
• C0I2 = 0.167 * 5 = 0.835
• C1I1 = 0.667 * 3 = 2.00
• C2the
Next O1 three
= 0.167columns are added to determine the outflow
* 3 = 0.501
at time equal 1 hour.
0.835 + 2.00 + 0.501 = 3.34

Muskingum-Cunge
• Muskingum-Cunge formulation is similar to the Muskingum type formulation
• The Muskingum-Cunge derivation begins with the continuity equation and
includes the diffusion form of the momentum equation.
• These equations are combined and linearized,
Q Q  2Q
   2  cqLat
t x x
where :
x = distance along channel qx = lateral inflow
c = wave celerity m = hydraulic diffusivity

Muskingum-Cunge, cont...
• Method attempts to account for diffusion by taking into account
channel and flow characteristics.
• Hydraulic diffusivity is found to be :
Q

2 BSO
• The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :
dQ
C
dA

Solution of Muskingum-Cunge
• Solution of the Muskingum is accomplished by discretizing the
equations on an x-t plane.
n+1
Q = C 1 Q nj + C 2 Q nj+1 + C 3 Q nj+1 + C 4 Q L
j +1
t t
+ 2x 2(1 - x) -
k k
C1 = C3 =
t t
+ 2(1 - x) + 2(1 - x)
k k
t  t 
- 2x 2 
 k 
C2 =
t
k C4=
t t
+ 2(1 - x) + 2(1 - x)
k k
X
Calculation of K & X
Muskingum
Muskingum-Cunge x X
1
1 
Q 

k=
c 2  BS O cx 
Estimation of K & X is more “physically based” and should

be able to reflect the “changing” conditions - better.

Muskingum-Cunge Example
3
Time (hr) Flow (m / s)
• Q1. The hydrograph at the upstream end of a 0 10
1 12
2 18
river is given in the following table. 3 28.5
4 50
• The reach of interest is 18 km long. 5 78
6 107
• Using a sub-reach length Dx of 6 km,
7
8
134. 5
147
9 150
determine the hydrograph at the end of the 10 146
11 129
reach using the Muskingum-Cunge method. 12 105
13 78
14 59
• Assume c = 2m/s, B = 25.3 m, So = 0.001m 15 45
16 33
17 24
and no lateral flow. 18 17
19 12
20 10
• First, K must be determined.
• K is equal to :
x
K Dx = 6 km, while c = 2 m/s
c
6km  1000m / km
K  3000seconds
2m / s

3
• The next step is to determine x. Time (hr) Flow (m /s)
0 10
1 12
2 18
1 Q  3 28.5
x  1   4 50
2  BS O cx  5 78
6 107
7 134.5
• All the variables are known, 8 147
9 150
with B = 25.3 m, So = 0.001 10 146
11 129
and Dx =6000 m, and the peak 12 105
Q taken from the table. 13
14
78
59
15 45
1 150m 3 / s 
x  1    0.253 16 33
3 17 24
2  (25.3)(0.001)(2)(6000)m / s  18 17
19 12
20 10

• A curve for Dx/cDt is then needed to determine Dt.
Curve for x/(ct)
1.2
0.8
t)
0.6
x/(c
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
x
• For x = 0.253, Dx/(cDt) < 0.82

• Therefore, Dt can be found.
x /(ct )  0.82
t  x /(c)(0.82)
6km 1000m / km
t 
2m / s  0.82
t  3658 seconds
Use t  7200 seconds
CONT’’
• The coefficients of the Muskingum-Cunge method can
now be determined.
t 7200
t  2x  2(0.253)
 2x K
K C2  C2  3000  0.4863
C1  t 7200
t  2(1  x)  2(1  0.253)
 2(1  x) K 3000
K
7200  t   7200 
 2(0.253) 2  2 
C1  3000  0.7466 C4  K C4   3000   1.233
7200 t 7200
 2(1  0.253)
3000  2(1  x)  2(1  0.253)
K 3000
t 7200
2(1  x)  2(1  0.253) 
K C3  3000  0.232
C3  7200
t  2(1  0.253)
 2(1  x) 3000
K

CONT’’
• Then a simplification of the original formula can be
made.
Q nj11  C1Q nj  C2Q nj 1  C3Q nj1  C4QL
• Since there is not lateral flow, QL = 0. The simplified formula

is the following:
Q nj11  C1Q nj  C2Q nj 1  C3Q nj1

CONT’’
• A table can then be created in 2 hour time steps similar to the
one below:
Time (hr) 0 km 6 km 12 km 18 km
0 10
2 18
4 50
6 107
8 147
10 146
12 105
14 59
16 33
18 17
20 10
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10

CONT’’
• It is assumed at time zero, the flow is 10 m3/s at each distance.
0 10 10 10 10
2 18
4 50
6 107
8 147
10 146
12 105
14 59
16 33
18 17
20 10
22 10
24 10
26 10
28 10

Next, zero is substituted into for each letter to solve the equation
Q nj11  C1Q nj  C2Q nj 1  C3Q nj1

Q11  C1Q00  C2Q01  C3Q10
• Using the table, the variables can be determined.
0 10 10 10 10
2 18
4 50
6 107
8 147 Q00  1
10 146
12 105 Q01  0
14 59 Q10  1
16 33 8
18 17
20 10
1
22 10 0
24 10
26 10
28 10
CONT’’
• Therefore, the equation can be solved.
Time (hr) 0 km 6 km 12 km 18 km Q11  C1Q00  C2Q01  C3Q10

0 10 10 10 10
2 18 13.89
4 50 34.51 Q11  (0.7466)(10)  (0.4863)(18)  (0.2329)(10)
6 107 Q11  13.89 m 3 / s
8 147
10 146
12 105 Q12  C1Q01  C 2Q02  C3Q11
14 59
16 33
18 17
20 10
Q11  (0.7466)(18)  (0.4863)(50)  (0.2329)(13.89)
22 10 Q11  34.51 m 3 / s
24 10
26 10
28 10

CONT’’
• This is repeated for the rest of the columns and the subsequent
columns to produce the following table.
• Note that when you change rows, “n” changes.
• When you change columns, “j” changes.
0 10 10 10 10
2 18 13.89 11.89 10. 92
4 50 34.51 24.38 18. 19
6 107 81.32 59.63 42. 96
8 147 132.44 111.23 88. 60
10 146 149.91 145.88 133.35
12 105 125.16 138.82 145.37
14 59 77.93 99.01 117.94
16 33 41.94 55.52 73. 45
18 17 23.14 29.63 38. 75
20 10 12.17 16.29 21. 02
22 10 9.49 9.91 12. 09
24 10 10.12 9.70 9.30
26 10 9.97 10.15 10. 01
28 10 10.01 9.95 10. 08
END OF CHAPTER
THANK YOU!!

Chapter 4 Flood Routing (Channel Routing)

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CHAPTER 4

07/13/2024 Abdulkerim Aliyi (MSc.) 1

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i) Reservoir routing and

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• Hydrologic routing methods employ essentially

• Hydraulic methods, on the other hand, employ

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• For reservoir routing, the following data have

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• Reservoir of Area = 43,560 ft2

f(x) = 0.174809593079033 x − 17.0042613297611

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A Q A = the cross-sectional area,

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0.835 + 2.00 + 0.501 = 3.34

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• The Wave celerity in the x-direction is :

07/13/2024 Abdulkerim Aliyi (MSc.) 35

Estimation of K & X is more “physically based” and should

07/13/2024 Abdulkerim Aliyi (MSc.) 37

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• For x = 0.253, Dx/(cDt) < 0.82

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Q nj11  C1Q nj  C2Q nj 1  C3Q nj1  C4QL

• Since there is not lateral flow, QL = 0. The simplified formula

Q nj11  C1Q nj  C2Q nj 1  C3Q nj1

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Q nj11  C1Q nj  C2Q nj 1  C3Q nj1

Time (hr) 0 km 6 km 12 km 18 km Q11  C1Q00  C2Q01  C3Q10

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