God does not care about

our mathematical
difficulties..

He integrates empirically.
Mathematics
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
The Antiderivative

If G’(x) = f(x), then G is called the

antiderivative of the function f.

The term f(x) is called the integrand and

the function at the right side of the
equation is called the integral of f(x).
The Definite Integral

The definite integral is an integral whose

independent variable is defined to have
the limit values a and b.

b
a
f ( x )dx
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The fundamental theorem of calculus

states that if F(x) is the integral of f(x), in
the closed interval [a, b], then

b
a
f ( x )dx  F (b)  F (a)
Integration Formulas
Algebraic, Exponential
& Logarithmic
Functions
Example:
xdx
Evaluate: 
4  x  2 3 /2

1 3
A. 4  x2
C C. 2 4x 2
C

1
x C
B. C D. 2 4x 2
4  x2

1
Ans:  C
4 x 2
Example:
4 dx
Evaluate:
 3x  2
1
A. 4ln(3x  2)  C C. ln(3x  2)  C
3
4
B. ln(3x  2)  C D.2ln(3x  2)  C
3
Integration Formulas
Trigonometric
Functions
Integration Formulas

Inverse
Trigonometric
Functions
Example:
2
x dx
Evaluate:
1 x 6

1 1
A. arcsin x 2  C C. arc sin x3  C
6 3
1 1
B. arcsin x 6  C D. arc sin x3  C
3 2

1
Ans: arcsin x  C
3

3
Example:
3
cos x
Evaluate: dx
1 sin x

1 2 1
A. cos x 
2
sin x  C C. cos x 
2
cos2 x  C

1 2 1
B. sin x  sin x  C D. sin x  cos2 x  C
2 2

Ans:
Example:

Evaluate:  x sin 2 xdx

x 1 x 1
A.  cos 2x  sin2x  C
4 2
C.4 cos 2x 
2
sin2x  C

x 1 x 1
B.  cos 2x  sin2x  C D. cos 2x  sin2x  C
2 4 2 4
Example:



Evaluate: sin5  cos5  d
2

1
Ans: 60
Example:

  3x  dxdy
2 y
Evaluate: 2
 9y 2
0 0

Ans: 40
Example:


x
Evaluate: e sin xdx

x
e
Ans: 2
 sin x  cos x   C
Example: Partial Fraction
1
Evaluate:  2 dx
x  x 2

1
Ans: 3
ln x  1  ln x  2 
Example: Word problem

The rate of change of a certain variable x with y is

equal to the square root of the product of x and y.
Find y as a function of x.

Ans: y   3 x  C
1/2 2/3
Example:

A stone is thrown straight up from the ground with an

initial velocity of 64 ft/s.
A. When does it reach its maximum height
B. What is its maximum height
C. When did it hit the ground
D. What is its velocity when it hit the ground

Ans: (a) t = 2 (b) hmax = 64 ft (c) t = 4 (d) – 64 ft/s

Example:

A certain car decelerates under braking at a rate of 16

ft/s2. If the car is traveling at a speed of 60 ft/s
(approximately 40 miles per hour) when the brakes are
applied, how far does it take the car to stop?

Ans: 112.5 ft
Example:

Find the average value of the function

f(x) = square root of the quantity (x +
1) from x = 0 to x = 3.

Ans: 14/9
Example:

In a tropical rain forest, the rainfall at

time t is given by φ(t) = 0.1 – 0.1t + 0.05t2
inches per hour, 0 ≤ t ≤ 10. What is the
average rainfall for times 0 ≤ t ≤ 6?

Ans: 0.4
Plane Areas By Integration

dA  ydx dA  xdy
y = f(x) x = g(y)

x
y
dy
a b
dx

b b
A   ydx A   xdy
a a
Example: Area Under a Curve Using
Vertical Strip Element
Find the area of the region bounded by y
= x2 + 1, y = x, x = 0 and x = 1.

Ans: 5/6
Example: Area Under a Curve Using
Vertical Strip Element
Find the area of the region bounded by
the parabolas y = x2 and y = 2x – x2.

Ans: 1/3
Example: Area Between the Sine and
Cosine Functions
Find the area of the region bounded by
the curves y = sin x and y = cos x from x
= 0 to x = π/2

Ans: 2√2 – 2
Example: Area Under a Curve Using
Vertical Strip Element
Determine the area of the region
bounded by the curve y = x3 - 4x2 + 3x
and the x-axis, from 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.

Ans: 37/12
Example: Area Between Two Curves
Using dy
Find the area of the region bounded by
the curves 4x – y2 = 0 and y = 2x – 4.

Ans: 9
Example: Area Between Two Curves
Using dy
Find the area between the two curves
y = x – 1 and the parabola y2 = 2x + 6.

Ans: 18
Example:

Find the area under the curve bounded

by y = x3 + 3x2 and the x-axis between x
= 1 and x = 3.

Ans:
Example:

Find the area between x = y2 and x = 4.

Ans:
Example:

Find the area bounded by f(x) = x3 – x

and g(x) = 3x.

Ans: 8
Example:

Determine the area of the region

bounded by the parabola y = 9 – x2 and
the line x + y = 7.

Ans: 9/2
Example:

Find the area of the region bounded by

the parabolas y = 6x – x2 and y = x2 – 2x.

Ans: 64/3
Area of Polar Curves

dθ 1 2
r A   r d
2
Example: Area of Polar Curve

Find the area of the region bounded by

the curve r2 = 16sinθ.

Ans: 32
Area of a Lemniscate

r  k cos 2
2

Ak
Area of a 3-leaved rose

r  k cos 3

1 2
A k 
4
Area of a 4-leaved rose

r  k cos 2

1 2
A k 
2
Area of a Cardioid

r  k 1  cos 

A  1.5k 
2
Example: Perimeter of a Cardioid

What is the area of the curve r = 4(1 –

sinθ)

Ans: 24π
Example: Area of a polar curve

Find the area bounded by r2 = a2 cos2θ.

Ans: a 2
Volume of Solid of Revolution

The volume of a solid generated by

revolving a plane area about an axis
can be determined using the
following:
 Circular Disk Method
 Cylindrical Shell Method
 Circular Ring or Washer Method
 Pappus Theorem
The Second Proposition of Pappus

If a plane area is rotated about an

axis, it will generate a volume
equal to the product of the area
of the region and the
circumference described by its
centroid.

V  2 R  A
Circular Disk Method
Cylindrical Shell Method

y = f(x)
dV  2 rhdr
r
dr h

x2
V  2  xy dx
x1
Circular Ring Method

R  dx
x2
V  2
r 2
x1

R
r
Example: Volume of Solid of Revolution
(Disk Method)
Find the volume of the solid of revolution
obtained by revolving the region bounded
by y = x – x2 and the x-axis about the x-
axis.

Ans: V = π/30 cubic units

Example: Volume of Solid of Revolution
(Shell Method)
The area of the region bounded by the
parabola y = x2, the tangent line to the
parabola at (2, 4) and the x-axis is rotated
along the x-axis. How much volume is
generated?

Ans: V = 3.35 cubic units

Example: Volume of Solid of Revolution
(Washer Method)
Compute the volume of the solid obtained
by rotating the region bounded by y = x2, y
= 8 – x2 and the y-axis about the x-axis.

Ans: V = 256π/3 cubic units

Example: Volume of Solid of Revolution

The area common to the parabolas y = x2

and x = y2 is revolved about the y-axis.
Find the volume generated.

Ans: V = 0.94 cubic units

Example: Volume of a Solid

Calculate the volume of the solid enclosed

when the area between the curves
x = (y – 2)2 + 1 and x = – (y – 2)2 + 9 is
rotated about the line y = – 2 .

Ans: 512pi/3
Example: Volume of Solid of Revolution
(Pappus Theorem)
Find the volume of the solid formed by
revolving 4x2 + 9y2 – 36 = 0 about the line
4x + 3y = 20.

Ans: V = 474 cubic units

Length of an Arc

ds
dy x2 2
 x2 , y2   dy 
dx S 
x1
1   dx
 dx 
 x1 , y1  S
ds

y2 2
 dx 
S 
y1
1   dy
 dy 
Example: Length of an Arc

Determine the length of g(x) = ⅓(4 – x)3/2

between x = 0 and x = 4.

A. 3
B. 4
C. 5
D. 6

Ans: s = 5 units
Example: Length of an Arc

Let us calculate the arc length of the

graph of f(x) = 4x3/2 over the interval [0, 3].

Ans: s = 21 units
Example: Length of an Arc

Determine the length of the curves

x = 2(2t + 3)3/2 and y = 3(3 + t)2 from t = -1
to t = 3

Ans: s = 109.2 units

First Moment of Area: The Centroid

The CENTROID is the center of

mass of a given figure.

dA  ydx x2
 x1 , y1  y = f(x)
Ax   x c dA
x1
xc
x
y x2
y yc
Ay   y c dA
 x2 , y2 
x1
dx
Example: Centroid of Plane Area

Find the centroid of the plane area

bounded by the equations y2 = 4x, x = 1
and the x-axis on the first quadrant.

Ans: x = 3/5, y = 3/4

Centroid of an Arc

 x2 , y2 
2
 dy 
dS  1    dx
x , y   dx 
 x1 , y1 

x2 x2
Sx   x  dS Sy   y  dS
x1 x1
More on Centroid…

For a circle with radius R: For a parabolic

segment:

3
x b
2R 2R 2R 8
x ,y y
   x h
2
y y h
5
4R 4R 4R b 2
x ,y y A  bh
3 3 3 3
Second Moment of Area: Area Moment of
Inertia

In determining the area moment of inertia, the strip must

be parallel with the chosen axis of moment.
Example: Moment of Inertia

Find the moment of inertia of the area

bounded by the curve x2 = 4y, the line
y = 1 and the y-axis on the first quadrant
with respect to the y-axis.

Ans: Iy = 16/15 u 4
The First Proposition of Pappus

If an arc is rotated about an axis, it

S will generate a surface area equal to
the product of the length of the arc
and the circumference described by
r its centroid.

A  2 r  S
S

r
Example: Surface Area of a Solid of
Revolution
Determine the surface area generated if
the line segment intercepted by the
coordinate axes is revolved about the y-
axis. Assume the equation of the line is
3x + 4y – 12 = 0.

Ans: 20π
Example: Surface Area of a Solid of
Revolution
Find the area generated by rotating the
curve y = (3x)1/3 about the y-axis from y =
0 to y = 2.

Ans: 24
Example: Surface Area of a Solid of
Revolution
The upper portion of the curve y = 2√x
from x = 0 to x = 4 is rotated about the x-
axis. Find the surface area generated.

Ans:
Example: Centroid of Volume

Find the coordinate of the centroid of the

solid generated by revolving the area
bounded by y = 4x - x2 and y = 0 about x
= 0.

Ans: 8/5
Work Done By Integration

Work is the product of the force

multiplied by the incurred displacement.
If the force varies with distance, the work
done can de obtained using integration.

b
W   F dx
a
Example: Spring Problem

A force of 10 N stretches a spring 4 cm.

How much work must be done to stretch
the spring an additional 4 cm?

Ans: 0.6 J
Example: Work Done in Pumping a Fluid

A water tank in the shape of a sphere

has a radius of 10 ft is being pumped
out. Find the work done in lowering the
water level from 1 ft from the top of the
tank to 3 ft from the top of of the tank.

Ans: 23,712π ft-lb

Example: Work Done in Pumping a Fluid

An open tank has the shape of an

inverted right circular cone. The tank has
a radius 1 m at the top and has a height
of 5 m. How much work is necessary to
pump water and fill the tank completely?

Ans: 64. 14 kJ
Example: Work Done by Integration

A sack of sand is being lifted vertically to

a height of 30 m. A small hole in the sack
causes some sand to run off. The weight
lost is proportional to the cube root of
the distance traversed. If the total loss
was 16 kg, find the work done in lifting
the sack if its initial mass is 50 kg.

Ans: 1140 kg-m

Example: Work Done by Integration

Miggy is carrying a 100-lb sack of rice up

a 20 ft ladder at a rate of 5 ft/min. The
sack has a hole in it and the rice grains
leak out continuously at a rate of 4
lb/min. How much work did Miggy do in
carrying the sack?

Ans: 1840 ft-lb