LO 9

Electricity
• Electricity: it is the set of physical phenomena associated with the
pressure and motion of matter that has a proper electric charge .

• -Electric power: It’s the rate at which electricity works and its unit is watt.

• -Electric energy: The amount of work that can be done by electricity in a unit is
measured by watt per hour.
 TYPES OF RESOURCES OF ELECTRIC
ENERGY

Renewable resources Non-renewable

resources
• Hydropower Fossil fuel (coal, natural gas,
petroleum oil)
• Solar energy Nuclear fission, nuclear
fusion
• Wind Wood
• Ocean power Waste biomass
• Geothermal energy
 Nuclear fission and fusion
the fission of uranium generates heat energy inside the reactor, which is
used to heat water and turn it into steam which is used in turbines.
• Despite it being one of the non-renewable sources, nuclear fission
doesn't contribute to global warming. Nuclear power produces around
11% of the world's energy needs. Although not much waste is
produced, it is very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buried for
many years to allow the radioactivity to die away.
• All nuclear power plants use nuclear fission
 Geothermal energy
It is heat within the earth. Which is a renewable energy source because
heat is continuously produced inside the earth.
• People use geothermal heat, where Hot water is pumped from deep
underground through a well under high pressure. When the water
reaches the surface, the pressure is dropped, which causes the water to
turn into steam. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a
generator that produces electricity.
• The Philippines is the second to generate electricity from Geothermal.
 Problem with geothermal energy
• The big problem is that there are not many places where we can build
a geothermal power station. We need suitable hot rocks of a suitable
type at a depth where we can drill down to them. The type of rock
above is also important, it must be of a type that we can easily drill
through
 Hydroelectric power
• It is electrical power derived from the flow of water on Earth’s surface
and water spin turbines that generate electricity.
• The turbine is connected to a generator. Hydroelectric plants are
located where suitable waterways are available.
• 70% of hydroelectric energy in the USA is generated in the Rocky
mountains and the pacific
• Hydroelectric power is the most effect renewable source of energy
Types of hydroelectric
power
• Dams: It is based on falling water. Water builds
up in reservoirs (places with large water
amounts) created by dams, water falls through
large pipes and falling water applies pressure
against the turbine blades, the blades drive
generators to produce electricity.

• Natural river current (run of): It’s called a run-

of-the-river system. The force of the river
current applies pressure to the turbine blades,
and this system doesn’t store water. This system
depends on seasonal changes and stream flow.
 Advantages and disadvantages
• Advantages:
- Water is a renewable resource and is a cheap source
Compared to fossil fuels,
- doesn’t pollute the environment like nonrenewable
resources.
• Disadvantages:
- Affect the habitats of local plants and animals
- Depends on seasons and droughts
-Some of them depend upon the flow of water
Wind power
• It was used in the Middle Ages, in
Europe, to grind corn, which is
where the term "windmill" comes
from.
• Windmills are the constructions that
allow us to use wind as a power
source.
 How wind power works
• The Sun heats our atmosphere unevenly, so some patches of air
become warmer than others.
• These warm patches of air rise and other air blows in to replace them
hence we feel a wind blowing.
• We can use the energy created by air movement by building a tall
tower with a large propeller.
• The wind blows causing the blades of the propeller to rotate. The
mechanical energy created is transferred by a generator into electricity.
Disadvantages of wind
power

• wind is not always predictable as some days

have no wind.
• Besides, the landscape with these towers Can
kill birds like migrating flocks that tend to
like strong winds.
Solar cells

• They’re also known as “photovoltaic” and

“photoelectric” cells.
• They convert the light that comes from the
sun into electricity.
• It was very expensive, and it doesn’t work at
night due to the lack of light.
• Solar cells Can be unreliable unless you're in
a very sunny climate.
Solar furnaces

• Solar furnaces are another technique for

using solar energy other than solar cells.
• A huge array of mirrors is used to
concentrate the Sun's energy into a small
space and thus produce very high
temperatures.
• It’s the same idea as using a lens to
concentrate the sunlight on a point to burn
the paper.
 Biomass
• Biomass is the waste of plants and animals.
• It’s used to produce fossil fuels like oil, methanol, and natural gas.
• Biomass is a renewable resource, but it shares the same issue of
global warming just like other fossil fuels.
• For example, sugarcane is considered biomass. Sugar cane is
harvested and taken to a mill, where it is crushed to extract the juice.
The juice is used to make sugar, whilst the left-over pulp, called
"bagasse" can be burned in a power station to produce electricity using
turbines.
Questions
1. At this time, renewable resources (other than water) and geothermal
energy supply less than 4 percent of the electricity generated by
electric companies. Geothermal energy is ……..

A- A nonrenewable resource, it will run out.

B- A nonrenewable resource, it will not run out.
C- A renewable resource, it will not run out.
D- A renewable resource, it will run out
2. A “40-w stereo “was used for 120 min. It would require ……Wh of electric energy?
A- 20
B- 40
C- 80
D- 120

3. In 1 minute, how much energy does a 100 w electric bulb transfer?

A- 100 J
B- 600 J
C- 3600 J
D- 6000 J
4. Photovoltaic solar energy is the only type of electricity generation that DOESN'T
require………..
A- Water
B- Wiring
C- Moving parts
D- Connection to the electricity grid

5. A 1200-w mixer used for 30 min. would require electric energy…….

A- 300 wh.
B- 600 wh.
C- 900 wh.
D- 1200 wh
6. What form of energy is radiated by the earth and trapped by greenhouse gasses to cause global
warming?
A- Radio waves
B- Gamma rays
C- Infrared light
D- Ultraviolet light

7. A nuclear process that releases energy when lightweight nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei
is……….
A- nuclear fission
B- nuclear fusion
C- nuclear bomb
D- nuclear reactor
8. Which one statement of the following is correct?
A- Geothermal energy is a renewable resource and it will run out.
B- Geothermal energy is a nonrenewable resource and it will run out.
C- Geothermal energy is a renewable resource and it will not run out.
D- Geothermal energy is a nonrenewable resource and it will not run out.

9. How are solar thermal devices different from photovoltaic devices?

A-Solar thermal devices use heat generated by the sun, but photovoltaic devices convert light into
electricity.
B-Solar thermal devices can work only in sunny areas, but photovoltaic devices can work even in areas
that get little sunlight.
C-Solar thermal devices make direct use of sunlight, but photovoltaic devices use sunlight indirectly.
D-Solar thermal devices require large amounts of space, but photovoltaic devices are much smaller.
10. The advantage to switching from fossil fuel to photovoltaic is that…
A- photovoltaic systems are 100 percent efficient
B- photovoltaic systems are inexpensive
C- it would reduce the production of carbon dioxide
D- it would stop global warming

11. The current practice of geothermal power generation may not provide a practical renewable
energy source because……….
A- in many cases, the magma is used faster than it is recharged
B- power plants have high maintenance costs
C- in some instances, pollution emissions can be very high
D- in many cases, the heated groundwater is used much faster than it is recharged
12. An engineering firm is researching the potential for new sources of nuclear energy. Which
characteristic does an isotope NOT have to possess for it to be viable as a fuel for generating nuclear
energy?
A- Its nucleus must be able to be split by neutron bombardment.
B- Its electrons must be in the highest possible energy level.
C- It must be radioactive.
D- It must be unstable.

13. A nonrenewable resource is a resource that……………

A- Can never be used up
B- Can never be replaced
C- Is used faster than it can be replaced
D- Is replaced faster than it can be used
12. An engineering firm is researching the potential for new sources of nuclear energy. Which
characteristic does an isotope NOT have to possess for it to be viable as a fuel for generating nuclear
energy?
A- Its nucleus must be able to be split by neutron bombardment.
B- Its electrons must be in the highest possible energy level.
C- It must be radioactive.
D- It must be unstable.

13. A nonrenewable resource is a resource that……………

A- Can never be used up
B- Can never be replaced
C- Is used faster than it can be replaced
D- Is replaced faster than it can be used
14. How much of the world’s energy is obtained using nonrenewable resources?
A- 30%
B- 50%
C- 75%
D- 90%

15. The main source of production of biogas is:

A- Human waste
B- Wet cow dung
C- Wet livestock waste
D- All above
LO 10
 Solar energy
• The sun contributes to tidal energy.
• However, tidal energy is mainly produced due to the Earth-moon
system.
• In addition, recall that wind energy is present due to the difference in
temperatures of air portions meaning that the sun's heat is also
responsible for wind power.
• Solar energy is produced in the extremely hot core of the Sun. this
occurs through nuclear fusion.
 Insolation
• It's the rate at which a given area of land receives solar energy. It
depends on latitude, season, time of day, cloudiness of the sky,
clearness of the air, and the slope of the land surface. It decreases
when a surface is not perpendicular to the sun's rays.
• 1000W/m2 is the highest possible insolation value on Earth’s surface at
sea level.
• It can only happen if the sky is clear, and the sun is directly overhead.
 Types of Solar heating
• The two basic types are:
-Passive solar heating
-Active solar heating
 Solar heating
• In active systems, a solar collector is used to collect and distribute
solar energy.

• In passive systems, the building is designed to let in large amounts of

sunlight, and the heat produced from the sunlight is trapped inside.
Passive systems do not rely on special mechanical equipment.
However, they are not as effective as active systems
 Usage of solar heating
• It can be used for:
-Home heating
-Water heating
-Air heating
Solar water heating
systems
• Solar water heating systems have 2 main parts.
They include a solar collector and a storage
tank.
• These collectors aren't very expensive. Electric
water heating is about 90% efficient.
• Where solar energy is collected with a thin,
flat, rectangular box with a transparent cover.
• The bottom of the collector box is a plate that
is coated black on the upper surface and
insulated on the lower surface.
• The solar energy that strikes the black surface
is converted to heat.
• Cool water is circulated through pipes from the
hot collector box to a storage tank.
Photovoltaics

• Photovoltaic (PV) devices generate

electricity directly from sunlight via an
electronic process that occurs naturally
in certain types of material, called
semiconductors.
• Electrons in these materials are freed
by solar energy and can be induced to
travel through an electrical circuit,
powering electrical devices or sending
electricity to the grid.
• They're also known as "Solar cells".
Their efficiency isn't high, but it's
increasing as technology is
progressing.
 How PV works
• Photons strike and ionize semiconductor material on the solar panel,
causing outer electrons to break free of their atomic bonds. Due to the
semiconductor structure, the electrons are forced in one direction
creating a flow of electrical current.
• Solar cells are not 100% efficient in crystalline silicon solar cells, in
part because only certain light within the spectrum can be absorbed.
Some of the light spectra are reflected, some are too weak to create
electricity (infrared) and some (ultraviolet) creates heat energy instead
of electricity.
Questions
1. Designing a home to allow maximum sunlight in winter and trapping
the heat inside is an example of which kind of solar system?
A- passive solar heating
B- active solar heating
C- photovoltaic solar
D- solar water heating
2. A major disadvantage of solar power is ________.
A- the variation in sunshine around the world
B- its efficiency level compared to other types of power
C- its cost-effectiveness compared to other types of power
D- that solar systems decentralize control over electrical energy

3. What is essential for a rooftop PV system to work?

A- A rheostat
B- An inverter
C- A battery
D- A connection to the electric grid
4. A nuclear power company claims that it provides “clean” energy. Which statement
supporting this claim is true?
A- It uses no inputs of energy
B- It uses renewable fuel
C- It produces no harmful byproducts
D- It produces no carbon dioxide

5. Concentrating solar power plants don't need photovoltaic cells. What do they need?
A- Large land area
B- Water
C- Reflectors
D- All of the above
Our Team
thanks to everybody on the team for doing their best to give you something special

Video presenting / Geology HEAD: Omar Zahi

Geology team: Jana Medhat

Mona Mohamed

Hr. Geology: Kenzy Hesham

Head Hr. : Jasmine Mohamed

Co-founders: Youssef Salah

Yasmin Ahmed

founder: Salma Galal

Supervisor / Geo Teacher: Hala Saber