Social Deviance and Social Work

SOCIAL DEVIANCE
AND
SOCIAL WORK
“
Deviance is difficult to define because
of the inherent complexity in
determining what is right and good
SEVERAL QUESTIONS NEED TO BE ASKED
BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO DEFINE
DEVIANCE
What is acceptable What accounts for the varied set of behaviors

behavior in any given and characteristics viewed as acceptable and
society? unacceptable?
Who determines which Is deviance defined by what people do, what they
behaviors are deserving believe, or who they are, or by society’s reactions
of censor? to these characteristics?
DEFINING DEVIANCE
It is any behavior that is contrary It is any behavior which does not

to the dominant norms of conform to social expectation.
society, and is usually of
sufficient severity to warrant
It is regarded as wrongdoings
disapproval from the majority of
that generate negative reactions
society. Deviance can be
in persons who witness or hear
criminal or non-criminal.
about it.
DEFINING DEVIANCE
It is disapproved behavior and It is an action that is likely to

traits, characteristics or generate, or has generated
conditions that generate a similar reactions to the actor by or from
condemnatory, rejection reaction certain audiences.
in others.
CHARACTERISTICS OF DEVIANCE
 Deviance is universal, but there are no universal forms or deviance.

 Deviance is a social definition. It is not a quality of the act; it is how
we define it. It is not the act; it is how we label it.
 Social groups make rules and enforce them, rules are socially
constructed, and social groups utilize social control mechanism to
ensure they are adhered to.
 Deviance is contextual.
TYPES OF DEVIANCE
FORMAL INFORMAL
It is the violation of formally This involves violations of

enacted laws. informal social norms.
Examples include robbery, theft, Examples include picking one’s
rape, murder, and assault. nose, belching loudly, or standing
unnecessarily close to another
person.
PERSPECTIVES ON DEVIANCE
POSITIVIST PERSPECTIVE
Absolutism: Deviance is absolutely, intrinsically real, in that
it possesses some qualities that distinguish it from conventionality.
Similarly, deviant persons are assumed to have certain characteristics that
make them different from conventional others. This perspective tend to
view deviant behavior as an attribute that inherent in the individual.
Objectivism: It is based on the thinking that each society creates a set of
norms to prevent chaos; deviance is the violation of those norms. What is
being seen and recorded as violation of norms is considered deviance.
Determinism: Deviance is a determined behavior, a product of causation.
Deviance is determined or caused by forces beyond the individual’s
control.
In sum, the positivist perspective on deviant behavior consists of three
assumptions.
First, deviance is absolutely real in that it has certain qualities that
distinguish it from conventionality.
Second, deviance is an observable object in that a deviant person is like
an object and thus can be studied objectively.
Third, deviance is determined by forces beyond the individual’s control.
CONSTRUCTIONIST PERSPECTIVE
Relativism: Deviance is a label, defined as such at a given time and place.
deviant characteristics do not come from the behavior itself; they come
instead from some people’s minds. To put it simply, an act appears deviant
only because some people think it so.
Subjectivism: places more emphasis on society’s reaction to given
behaviors than on trying to define deviance. Deviant behavior is a
subjective, personal experience and the supposedly deviant person is a
conscious, feeling, thinking, and reflective subject.
Voluntarism: Deviant behavior is a voluntary act, an expression of human
volition, will, or choice.
In brief, the constructionist perspective consists of three assumptions.
First, deviant behavior is not real in and of itself; it is, basically, a label.
Second, supposedly deviant behavior is a subjective experience and
therefore should be studied with subjectivity and empathy.
Third, deviant behavior is a voluntary, self-willed act rather than
one caused by forces in the internal and external environments.
NORMS
○ This are expectations of conduct in particular situations

which regulate human social relations and behavior.
○ Norms vary according to how widely people accept them,
how society enforces them, how society transmits them,
and how much conformity people require.
NORMS
○ Some social norms may require considerable force to

ensure compliance; others may require little or none.
○ Some norms remain stable in the standards they set; others
define more transitory expectations
NORMS
○ Proscriptive norms tell people what they should not do;

○ Prescriptive norms tell them what they ought to do.
○ Norms not only set social or group standards for conduct
but also define categories through which people interpret
experiences.
NORMS
○ Differentiation is how people differ from one another in a

number of ways, including age, sex, race, educational
attainment, and occupational status.
○ Sometimes, some people say deviance when they mean
diversity, or behavior that results from social
differentiation.
NORMS
○ Power can be defined as the ability to make choices by

virtue of control over political, economic, or social
resources. People who have money, education, and social
influence generally wield more power than those who lack
those resources.
NORMS
○ Powerful people, by virtue of their influence, often define

standards for deviance, and they often find more deviance
among others with less power than they have themselves.
○ Norm promotion indicates an ability to successfully
promote norms to the exclusion of other, competing norms.
NORMS
○ Sometimes members of a social group share a set of values

and meanings not shared by the society of which they are a
part. This separation creates a subculture. A subculture is
a culture within a culture—a collection of norms, values,
and beliefs with content distinguishable from those of the
dominant culture.
○ Not all social problems represent instances of deviance.
For example, many people regard unemployment,
population control, and lack of adequate medical care for
poor people as social problems; these examples hardly fit
the pattern of deviant behavior. The same could be said
about other conditions, such as aging and homelessness.
DEVIANCE AND SOCIAL CONTROL
○ Deviant events take many forms, but all such events

violate some norm. Potentially, therefore , people could
commit as many deviant events as they can find norms to
violate.
○ Deviant roles emerges in the acts that people perform.

○ Deviant place describes a physical location typically
connected to deviant acts.
○ All social groups have means of dealing with behavior that

violates social norms. These methods, taken together, are
called social control.
○ Social control implies deliberate attempts to change
behavior. Social control measures serve the social purpose
of ensuring, or at least attempting to ensure, conformity to
norms.
PROCESSES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
○ Internalization of group norms encourages conformity

through socialization, so that people know what society
expects and desire to conform to that expectation.
○ Social reaction influences conformity through external
pressures in the form of sanctions from others in the event
of anticipated or actual nonconformity to norms.
SANCTIONS
○ Sanctions are social reactions to behavior.

○ Negative sanction is a punishment meant to discourage
deviant conduct.
○ Positive sanction is a reward meant to encourage conduct
that conforms to a norm.
INFORMAL SOCIAL CONTROLS
○ Informal social sanctions come from reactions to

behavior by people who personally know one another.
Informal sanctions act to enforce informal norms, often in
small groups.
○ Informal sanctions such as gossip and ridicule may work

especially effectively in relatively small social groups
where everyone knows everyone else and the same people
spend time in continuing face-to-face contact.
○ Informal sanction reactions inspire a range of specific

behaviors: ridicule, reprimands, criticism, praise,
gestural cues, glances and other mechanisms of body
language meant to convey approval or disapproval,
denial or bestowal of affection, and verbal
rationalizations and expressions of opinion.
FORMAL SOCIAL CONTROLS
○ Formal social controls involve organized systems of

reactions from specialized agencies and organizations.
These agencies include churches, business and labor
groups, educational institutions, clubs, and other
organizations.
SOCIALIZATION
○ Social behavior is an acquired activity. People do not

naturally begin interacting socially at birth; this activity
develops through socialization.
SOCIALIZATION
○ Socialization refers to the process by which members of

society acquire the skills, knowledge, attitudes, values, and
motives necessary to perform social roles. This learning
process prepares an individual to meet the requirements of
society in a variety of social situations.
SOCIALIZATION
○ Deviants and non-deviants perform a variety of social

roles that represent the behavior society expects of a
person in each position or with a certain status within a
particular group.
SOCIALIZATION
○ Social behavior develops not only through responses to the

expectations of others, which force one to confront their
norms, but also through social interactions, which lead one
to anticipate others’ responses and incorporate them into
one’s own conduct.
SOCIALIZATION
○ The act of orienting one’s own behavior to a set of

expectations defined by a role is called role playing.
SOCIALIZATION
○ Actual role behavior may differ somewhat from specific

role prescriptions, because it responds to a variety of
influences, such as the behavior of others in the situation
and membership in groups with different and confusing
role prescriptions.
SOCIALIZATION
○ Role strain may arise in situations with complex role

demands and where a single person must fulfill multiple
roles.
SOCIALIZATION
Many of these problems arise in systems of roles because;

(1) unclear role prescriptions cloud understanding of what is
expected;
SOCIALIZATION
(2) an individual plays too many roles to fulfill all of them

adequately, resulting in role overload, and
(3) an individual may play conflicting or mutually
contradictory roles, forcing that person to perform a role
without necessary preparation.
THEORIES ON
DEVIANCE
INDIVIDUALISTIC
THEORIES OF DEVIANCE
Biological explanations of deviance sees deviance as caused

by our genetic inheritance and our biological characteristics
INDIVIDUALISTIC
Psychiatric model of deviance regard deviants as patients with

psychological illnesses. They view deviant behavior as a
product of some fault within the individual, such as personal
disorganization or a “maladjusted” personality.
INDIVIDUALISTIC
Psychoanalytic explanations of deviance regards deviance as

byproduct of the conflicts of our unconscious mind.
INDIVIDUALISTIC
Psychological explanations of deviance is based on the

premise that deviance can be found on the traits we exhibit
which can be tested through personality tests.
INDIVIDUALISTIC
Rational choice theories sees deviance simply as purposeful

behavior; such an action represents a choice made by the actor
to behave in a certain way, to think in a certain way, or to live a
certain kind of lifestyle.
Sociological Theories on
Deviance
FUNCTIONALISM THEORY
Functionalism suggests that the best way to understand the way things
work in a society is to understand their function.
It is the deviance in society that allows those established moral boundaries
to be constantly reexamined and, if necessary, redefined.
Durkheim’s view of society was that it is a shared moral sense, a collective
conscience that goes beyond any individual. He was interested in society
and how it functions as a unit
The social mind is the way a society conceives of itself; the moral sense or
normative ways a society believes it should behave.
a. When the moral sense of a society is violated, the society is
outraged but also unified.
b. It is the deviance that allows the moral sense to be debated,
defined, redefined, and reinforced.
Durkheim argued that deviance was necessary in every society because it

served functions.
1. Deviance defines the moral boundaries for the entire social sphere.
a. The moral boundaries are constantly being reevaluated through society’s
reactions to deviance.
b. People decide, formally and informally, what is deviant and the decision
helps determine the moral boundaries, or in some cases, the new moral
boundaries.
2. Deviance promotes group solidarity.
a. Deviance allows people the opportunity to discuss and debate their moral
conscience in ways they would not otherwise do.
b. The problem with group solidarity is it often causes an ingroup and an
outgroup.
3. Deviance serves an innovation function.
a. Society must continually find ways to grow and change.

b. Most great leaders have been viewed as deviant to some group of people.
ANOMIE THEORY
Robert K. Merton developed the structural strain theory as an

extension of the functionalist perspective on deviance
This refers to the confusion that arises when social norms conflict or
don't even exist.
This theory traces the origins of deviance to the tensions that are caused
by the gap between cultural goals and the means people have available
to achieve those goals.
ANOMIE THEORY
According to the structural strain or anomie theory, societies are

characterized by both culture and social structure.
Culture establishes goals for people in society while social structure
provides (or fails to provide) the means for people to achieve those goals
In a well-integrated society, people use accepted and appropriate means to
achieve the goals that society establishes. In this case, the goals and the
means of the society are in balance.
ANOMIE THEORY
It is when the goals and means are not in balance with each other that
deviance is likely to occur. This imbalance between cultural goals and
structurally available means can actually lead an individual into deviant
behavior.
Merton also classified people into five general categories with regards to
their relationship to culturally accepted goals and the means to achieving
those goals
Category Goals Means
Conformists + +
Ritualists - +
Innovators + -
Retreatists - -
Rebels - -
FIVE ADAPTATIONS TO STRAIN

ANOMIE THEORY
Conformists are people who believe in both the established cultural goals
of society as well as the normative means for attaining those goals. They
follow the rules of society.
Ritualists are individuals who do not believe in the established cultural
goals of society, but they do believe in and abide by the means for
attaining those goals.
ANOMIE THEORY
Innovators are those individuals that accept the cultural goals of society
but reject the conventional methods of attaining those goals. These people
usually have a blatant disregard for the conventional methods that have
been established in attaining wealth and are generally those we regard as
criminals.
Retreatists are individuals who reject both the cultural goals and the
accepted means of attaining those goals. They simply avoid both the goals
and means established by society without replacing those norms with their
own counter-cultural forces.
ANOMIE THEORY
Rebels not only reject both the established cultural goals and the accepted
means of attaining those goals, but they substitute new goals and new
means of attaining those goals.
LABELING THEORY
It begins with the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal.

Definitions of criminality are established by those in power through the
formulation of laws and the interpretation of those laws by police, courts,
and correctional institutions.
This theory holds that behaviors are deviant only when society labels
them as deviant.
LABELING THEORY
Those who represent forces of law and order and those who enforce the
boundaries of proper behavior, such as the police, court officials, experts,
and school authorities, provide the main source of labeling.
Many of the rules that define deviance and the contexts in which deviant
behavior is labeled as deviant are framed by the wealthy for the poor, by
men for women, by older people for younger people, and by ethnic
majority for minority groups. In other words, the more powerful and
dominant groups in society create and apply deviant labels to the
subordinate groups.
LABELING THEORY
Powerful individuals within society—politicians, judges, police officers,
medical doctors, and so forth—typically impose the most significant
labels.
The consequences of being labeled as deviant can be far-reaching. Social

research indicates that those who have negative labels usually have lower
self-images, are more likely to reject themselves, and may even act more
defiantly as a result of the label.
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
Social control theory, developed by Travis Hirschi, is a type of

functionalist theory that suggests that deviance occurs when a person’s
or group’s attachment to social bonds is weakened. The four
components of bonds are the following; attachment, commitment,
involvement and belief
According to this view, people care about what others think of them and
conform to social expectations because of their attachments to others and
what others expect of them.
“
SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
Socialization is important in producing conformity to social rules and it is

when this conformity is broken that deviance occurs.
Social control theory focuses on how deviants are attached, or not, to
common value systems and what situations break people’s commitment to
these values
This theory also suggests that most people probably feel some impulse
towards deviant behavior at some time, but their attachment to social
norms prevents them from actually participating in deviant behavior
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY
According to the theory, created by Edwin H. Sutherland, criminal

behavior is learned through interactions with other people.
Through this interaction and communication, people learn the values,
attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
Differential association theory emphasizes the interaction people have
with their peers and others in their environment.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY
Those who associate with delinquents, deviants, or criminals learn to value

deviance. The greater the frequency, duration, and intensity of their
immersion in deviant environments, the more likely it is that they will
become deviant.
This theory really focuses on how people become criminals, not why
they become criminals.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY
People learn criminal behavior, like other behaviors, from their interactions
with others, especially in intimate groups, The differential-association theory
applies to many types of deviant behavior.
For example, juvenile gangs provide an environment in which young people
learn to become criminals. These gangs define themselves as countercultural
and glorify violence, retaliation, and crime as means to achieving social
status. Gang members learn to be deviant as they embrace and conform to
their gang's norms.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY
The principles of Sutherland’s theory of differential association can be

summarized into nine key points.
 Criminal behavior is learned.

 Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a
process of communication.
 The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within
intimate personal groups.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY

 When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of

committing the crime (which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes
simple) and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and
attitudes.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY

 The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of

the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
 A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions
favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of
the law.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY

 Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and

intensity.
 The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal
and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are
involved in any other learning.
DIFFERENTIAL
ASSOSCIATION THEORY

 While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it

is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior
is an expression of the same needs and values.
SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION
THEORY
Developed by researchers at the University of Chicago in the 1920s and

1930s, social disorganization theory asserts that crime is most likely to
occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social
control
Social disorganization is a midrange theory because it only attempts to
explain deviance in cities.
THEORY
Individuals who grow up in impoverished areas are more likely to participate

in deviant or criminal behaviors than an individual from a wealthy
neighborhood with a good school system and families who are involved
positively in the community.
Social disorganization theory points to broad social factors as the cause of
deviance. A person isn’t born a criminal but becomes one over time, often
based on factors in his or her social environment.
THEORY
Critics argue that it places blame on the neighborhoods themselves, which

opens the door for politicians to point out social issues like drug use,
disrupted families, and violence as endemic to low income neighborhoods,
thus allowing them to circumvent the larger structural issues that give rise to
these predicaments.
CONFLICT THEORY
The conflict theories focus their explanations more on deviance than on

deviant behavior That is, these theories address the origins of rules or
norms rather than about the origins of behavior that violates established
standards.
The conflict view stresses the pluralistic nature of society and the
differential distribution of power among groups. Some groups wield
social power, according to this body of theory, so they can create rules,
particularly laws that serve their own interests.
CONFLICT THEORY
In the process, they often exclude the interests of others from consideration.
In this respect, the conflict perspective conceives of society as a collection of
groups with competing interests in conflict with one another; those with
sufficient power create laws and rules that protect and promote their
interests.
CONFLICT THEORY
Some groups promote their own ideas by trying to persuade other groups of
the special importance of certain norms, advocating strong sanctions for
violations in these areas.
Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime
and deviance. Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists don’t see these factors
as positive functions of society. They see them as evidence of inequality in
the system.
CONFLICT THEORY
Conflict theory asserts that all problems are created by disparities between
groups or classes and how they struggle with each other for dignity and the
necessities of life where justice is served.
The main ideas of conflict theory are the following:
 Groups & individuals try to advance their interests over the interests of
others
 Power is unequally divided & some groups dominate others
CONFLICT THEORY
 Social order is based on manipulation & control of nondominant groups

by dominant groups
 Lack of open conflict is a sign of exploitation
 Members of nondominant groups become alienated from society
 Social change is driven by conflict, with periods of change interrupting
long periods of stability
DETERRENCE THEORY
Proponents of deterrence believe that people choose to obey or violate the

law after calculating the gains and consequences of their actions. Overall,
however, it is difficult to prove the effectiveness of deterrence since only
those offenders not deterred come to the notice of law enforcement.
DETERRENCE THEORY
There are two basic types of deterrence—general and specific. General

deterrence is designed to prevent crime in the general population. Thus, the
state’s punishment of offenders serves as an example for others in the
general population who have not yet participated in criminal events. It is
meant to make them aware of the horrors of official sanctions in order to put
them off committing crimes. Examples include the application of the death
penalty and the use of corporal punishment
DETERRENCE THEORY
There are two basic types of deterrence—general and specific. General

deterrence is designed to prevent crime in the general population. Thus, the
state’s punishment of offenders serves as an example for others in the
general population who have not yet participated in criminal events. It is
meant to make them aware of the horrors of official sanctions in order to put
them off committing crimes. Examples include the application of the death
penalty and the use of corporal punishment
DETERRENCE THEORY
Specific deterrence is designed—by the nature of the proscribed sanctions

—to deter only the individual offender from committing that crime in the
future. Proponents of specific deterrence also believe that punishing
offenders severely will make them unwilling to reoffend in the future. A
drunk driver, for example, would be deterred from drinking and driving
because of the unpleasant experience he or she suffered from being arrested,
or having his or her license taken away or his or her car impounded.
DETERRENCE THEORY
The theory of deterrence that has developed from the work of Hobbes,
Beccaria, and Bentham relies on three individual components: severity,
certainty, and celerity. The more severe a punishment, it is thought, the
more likely that a rationally calculating human being will desist from
criminal acts. To prevent crime, therefore, criminal law must emphasize
penalties to encourage citizens to obey the law. Punishment that is too severe
is unjust, and punishment that is not severe enough will not deter criminals
from committing crimes.
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal Psychology
Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's

emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.
Abnormal Psychology
Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is

disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive
(or self-defeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts
(cognitions).
Abnormal Psychology
Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data)

and theories attempt to explain the causes of abnormal behavior.
Medical Perspective
Medical perspective focus on biological and physiological

factors as causes of abnormal behavior, which is treated as a
disease, or mental illness, and is diagnosed through symptoms
and cured through treatment.
Psychodynamic Perspective
This contends that psychological disorders are the

consequence of anxiety produced by unresolved, unconscious
conflicts. Treatment focuses on identification and resolution of
the conflicts.
Behavioral Perspective
Abnormal behavior results from faulty or ineffective learning

and conditioning. Treatments are designed to reshape
disordered behavior and, using traditional learning procedures,
to teach new, more appropriate, and more adaptive responses.
Cognitive Perspective
Abnormal behavior is learned within a social context ranging

from the family, to the community, to the culture. Cultural
variables, acquired through learning and cognitive processes,
are believed to be important in producing abnormal behavior.
Defining Abnormal Behavior
Atypical Behavior: behavior that deviates from the norms of

society -- behavior seen as being different or weird – not
necessarily harmful to self or others, just deviant – the
definition most people in society use to define a behavior as
being abnormal.
Defining Abnormal Behavior
Maladaptive Behavior: behavior that is potentially harmful

to oneself or to others -- not just physically harmful, but also
emotionally harmful to the well-being of a person or others --
not necessarily deviant, but definitely potentially harmful -- the
definition most clinicians are concerned about -- they are more
interested in the client's mental and physical well-being than
whether or not a behavior is weird
DSM-V
Mental disorders are diagnosed according to the Diagnostic

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (2013).
This book provides a list of symptoms common to each type of
disorder which can be used to help classify disorders into
categories
Mood Disorders
These are disorders involving an extreme of a normal mood

state -- that is, when the normal moods of happy or sad become
so extreme they become maladaptive.
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder

Those who suffer from depression experience persistent feelings
of sadness and hopelessness and lose interest in activities they
once enjoyed. Aside from the emotional problems caused by
depression, individuals can also present with a physical
symptom such as chronic pain or digestive issues. To be
diagnosed with depression, symptoms must be present for at
least two weeks.
Mood Disorders
Symptoms of major depression include:

○ sad mood
○ loss of pleasure in usual activities
○ insomnia or hypersomnia
○ appetite/weight change
○ excessive guilt/worthlessness
○ problems concentrating
Mood Disorders
Symptoms of major depression include:

○ loss of energy
○ psychomotor retardation/agitation
○ thoughts of death or suicide, a suicide plan or suicide attempt
Mood Disorders
Person must have at least five of the symptoms above and must
included either symptom #1 or #2 or both as a part of the
minimum of five.
The symptoms must be severe enough to cause marked

impairment in social/occupational functioning or to necessitate
hospitalization to prevent harm to self/others.
Mood Disorders
To be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, you must

experience at least five depression symptoms, once a day, for
at least two weeks.
Major depressive disorder can be highly recurrent, with at least

half of the people who experience one episode having one or
more additional episodes in their lifetimes.
Mood Disorders
Persistent Depressive Disorder/Dysthymic Disorder

People with PDD are chronically depressed – more than half of
the time for at least two years, they feel blue or derive little
pleasure from usual activities and past times.
In addition, they have at least two of other symptoms of
depression.
Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
Formerly called “manic-depression” – diagnosis requires the
person experience at least one full-blown manic episode and
will also likely (but not necessarily) involve a shift from mania
to a full-blown depressive episode -- person often will
fluctuate between episodes of mania and depression (over the
course of several days/weeks).
Mood Disorders
Symptoms of a manic episode include:
○ dramatically elevated, euphoric mood or irritable mood
○ highly inflated self-esteem (belief one can do anything
without any chance of failure)
○ decreased need for sleep (maybe only a few hours every
couple of days)
○ extremely talkative, much more than usual
○ racing thoughts
Mood Disorders
Symptoms of a manic episode include:
○ easily distracted, unable to focus attention
○ increased goal directed behavior (like abruptly deciding to
put a new roof on the house and be finished in one day while
working solo)
○ involvement in pleasurable activities that have painful
consequences (like spending sprees, multiple, indiscriminate
sexual acts)
Mood Disorders
Cyclothymic Disorder
The person has frequent but mild symptoms of depression,
alternating with mild symptoms of mania. Although the
symptoms do not reach the severity of full-blown hypomanic or
depressive episodes, people with the disorder and those close to
them typically notice the ups and downs.
Anxiety Disorders
These are disorders involving high levels of negative emotions

such as fear, nervousness and dread -- the person attempts to
cope with the negative emotions using an ineffective or
maladaptive method -- does not involve loss of contact with
reality
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
This is repeated panic attacks, unclear fear of something bad
happening in the absence of a threatening stimulus.
This is a sudden attack of tense apprehension, terror, feelings of
impending doom, accompanied by at least four other symptoms
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
Physical symptoms can include shortness of breath, heart
palpitations, nausea, upset stomach, chest pain, feelings of
choking and smothering, dizziness, light-headedness, sweating,
chills, heat sensations, numbness or tingling sensations and
trembling.
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
Other symptoms include depersonalization, derealization, fear
of losing control, of going crazy or even dying.
A panic attack is considered misfire of the fear system.
Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
This can be diagnosed if the person experiences at least one
month of concern or worry about the possibility of more attacks
occurring or the consequence of an attack or maladaptive
behavioral changes because of attacks.
Anxiety Disorders
Phobia
This is an intense, irrational fears that dominate a person’s life
on many levels. The person recognizes that the fear is excessive
but still goes to great lengths to avoid the feared object or
situation. In addition, the object of phobia may elicit intense
disgust.
Anxiety Disorders
Phobia
Specific Phobia: intense irrational fear of an object, creature or
specific situation (snakes, spiders, heights, enclosed spaces, air
travel are examples).
Anxiety Disorders
Social Anxiety Disorder

It is a persistent, unrealistically intense fear of social situation
that might involve being scrutinized by or just being exposed to,
unfamiliar people
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

This is an intense worry and anxiety about everything, not just
one specific thing. Intense worry about bad things happening in
the future for which there is no real conclusive indication. The
person finds it very hard to control the worry and often times,
last for a long time.
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Symptoms often may include restlessness, easily fatigued,
difficulty in concentrating, mind going blank, irritability,
muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
Anxiety Disorders
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Characterized by having to lived through a life threatening
trauma (rape, combat, plane crash, terrorist bombing, school
shooting massacre, storm) and now is dominated by repeated,
unwanted thoughts, dreams and flashbacks of the event,
extreme avoidance of reminders of the event, numbed emotions,
jumpy, unable to sleep for fear the event will occur again.
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

This is an intense anxiety resulting from obsessions
(uncontrollable, repeating thoughts like the inability to stop
thinking about the precise order of clothes hanging in the closet)
or compulsions (ritualized behaviors that are uncontrollable,
repeating and unwanted like constant hand washing, lock
checking, cleaning and straightening).
Anxiety Disorders
Body Dysmorphic Disorder

People with BDD are preoccupied with one or more imagined
or exaggerated defects on their appearances. Although they may
appear attractive to others, they perceive that they are ugly or
even monstrous in their appearance.
Anxiety Disorders
Body Dysmorphic Disorder

The person has performed repetitive behaviors or mental acts in
response to the appearance concerns.
Their preoccupation is not restricted to concerns about weight
or body fat.
Somatoform Disorders
These are disorders involving symptoms of physical health

problems or an irrational fear regarding physical health
with no apparent physical cause -- in each case, medical
evaluation cannot determine an actual physical cause --
therefore, a psychological cause may be presumed -- no loss of
contact with reality
Conversion Disorder
The person converts an emotional trauma into a major physical
symptom like blindness, deafness or paralysis as a result of an
emotional trauma.
Not faking or consciously making the symptom. In theory, an
unconscious defense mechanism is at work.
Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondriasis)

An intense anxiety resulting from the misinterpretation of small,
common physical problems as conclusive evidence of a serious,
even life-threatening illness. Intense fear of being affected by
physical illness. Belief of serious illness continues in spite of
medical evidence indicating no illness. Commonly know as a
“hypochondriac.”
Somatoform Pain Disorder

This is characterized by an intense, physical pain that cannot be
explained by a genuine physical cause (like nerve damage,
infection). Believed to be psychological in nature and somewhat
rare in occurrence.
Somatization Disorder (Factitious Disorder)

An unexplained variety of symptoms (general physical,
gastrointestinal, neurological, sexual/reproductive symptoms)
that do not characteristically fit any real illness or disorder.
Believed to be psychological in nature
Dissociative Disorders
These are disorders involving a sudden change in memory or

identity with no apparent physical cause – to dissociate means
to separate from -- persons with dissociative disorders have
likely suffered a deep psychological trauma – it is assumed that
their minds have unconsciously separated from the pain of the
trauma either in the form of amnesia or loss of identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder

(Formerly Multiple Personality Disorder): two or more distinct
personality states that alternatively take control of the person’s
life.
Many clinicians don’t believe it actually exists, believing it to
be either the misdiagnosis of another problem or an attention
seeking device for the patient.
Dissociative Amnesia
Significant memory loss that cannot be explained by a physical
cause or trauma. Believed to result from extreme psychological
trauma. Also know as repressed memory syndrome. Occurrence
is believed to be generally rare.
Dissociative Fugue
Sudden, distinct loss of identity and inability to recall one’s past
resulting in wandering travel away from one’s home and
creation of a new identity. Not consciously controlled.
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
Involves a disconcerting and disruptive sense of detachment
from one’s self or surroundings.
Depersonalization is a sense of being detached from one’s self.
Derealization is a sense of detachment from one’s surrounding,
such that the surroundings seem unreal
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
People with this disorder may have the impression that they are
outside of their bodies, viewing themselves from a distances or
looking at the world through a fog. Sometimes they feel
mechanical as if they are robots.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by a faulty

perception and beliefs; a change in levels of motivation and
emotional expressiveness; disordered thinking and behavior and
changes in cognition.
Schizophrenia
It is common for people with disorder to withdraw from other

people and from everyday reality, often into a life of odd beliefs
(delusions) and hallucinations.
Schizophrenia
a. Delusions: False beliefs – true belief in weird or unusual

things -- often either paranoid, grandiose or bizarre in nature
b. Hallucinations: False sensory experiences – they actually
hear or see things that are not there -- most commonly auditory,
but also visual or even tactile
Schizophrenia
c. Loose Associations: illogical thinking seen in jumbled,

confusing speech that jumps from one topic to another during the
course of one sentence and is often referred to as "word salad"
d. Social withdrawal: all schizophrenics are to some degree
cognitively withdrawn from others and many become physically
withdrawn from others also
Schizophrenia
e. Deterioration from a previous level of functioning:

schizophrenia happens to persons who have developed at least
into the early stages of adulthood
Variant Sexual Behaviors
Maladaptive Sexual Behavior -- deviates from norms

of society and is harmful to that person or to others
(pedophilia, sexual sadism/masochism, rape).
Variant Sexual Behaviors
Atypical Sexual Behavior -- deviates from norms of

society but is not inherently harmful to person or to
others – is simply different from the norm
Sexual Disorders
Sexual Dysfunctions: problems in ability to perform

sexually, desire for sex, sexual arousal, inability to
achieve orgasm, or pain during sex.
Some examples include:
Sexual Disorders
a. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: extremely low

or no interest in sex at all.
b. Sexual Aversion Disorder: extreme aversion to sex,

totally repulsed by mere thoughts of sex.
Sexual Disorders
c. Female Sexual Arousal Disorder: failure to attain

the lubrication-swelling response of sexual excitement
d. Male Erectile Disorder: inability to attain or

maintain an erection until completion of sexual activity.
Sexual Disorders
e. Inhibited Male/Female Orgasm: desire for sex,

ability to become aroused, but no ability to reach sexual
climax.
f. Dyspareunia: ongoing genital pain in a male or

female either before, during or after sexual activity
Sexual Disorders
Premature Ejaculation: Persistent or recurrent

ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation or before,
upon, or shortly after penetration and before the person
wishes it.
Sexual Disorders
Sexual Paraphilias: when an individual requires some

unusual object, situation, or ritual to achieve sexual
arousal and pleasure.
Some examples include:
Sexual Disorders
a. Sexual Sadism: sexual arousal and gratification
dependent on beating, humiliating and inflicting pain on
another person during sex.
b. Sexual Masochism: sexual arousal and gratification

dependent on being beaten, humiliated and receiving pain
from another person during sex.
Sexual Disorders
c. Pedophilia: sexual arousal and gratification
dependent on fantasies of or actually having sex with
children.
d. Fetishism: sexual arousal and gratification

dependent on the presence of an inanimate object for
example undergarments or leather but could be just
about anything.
Sexual Disorders
e. Exhibitionism: sexual arousal and gratification
dependent on exposing one’s genitals to an
unsuspecting stranger.
f. Voyeurism: sexual arousal and gratification

dependent on observing unsuspecting persons either
disrobing, naked or in sexual activity (“peeping tom”).
Sexual Disorders
g. Frotteurism: sexual arousal and gratification
dependent on rubbing one’s genitals against the legs or
buttocks of an unsuspecting, nonconsenting stranger in
a crowded situation.
Sexual Disorders
h. Transvestic Fetishism: sexual arousal and

gratification dependent on dressing up in the clothing of
the opposite sex.
Sexual Disorders
There are many other paraphilias described in the DSM-

V like telephone scatologia (lewd phone talk),
necrophilia (corpses), zoophilia (animals), copraphilia
(feces), and urophilia (urine),
Personality Disorders
These are disorders involving long-term patterns of

maladaptive behavior seen in interactions with
others.
Personality Disorders
○ Odd/Eccentric Cluster
□ Characterized by bizarre thinking and experiences
○ Dramatic/Erratic Cluster
□ Characterized by symptoms that range from highly inconsistent behavior to inflated
self-esteem, rule-breaking behavior and exaggerated emotional displays
○ Anxious/Fearful Cluster
□ Characterized by being prone to worry and distress
Odd/Eccentric Cluster
Schizoid Personality Disorder

It is an uncommon condition in which people avoid
social activities and consistently shy away from
interaction with others. They also have a limited range
of emotional expression.
Schizoid Personality Disorder

Symptoms:
○ Prefer being alone and choose to do activities alone
○ Don't want or enjoy close relationships
○ Feel little if any desire for sexual relationships
○ Feel like you can't experience pleasure
○ Have difficulty expressing emotions and reacting appropriately to situations
○ May seem humorless, indifferent or emotionally cold to others
○ May appear to lack motivation and goals
○ Don't react to praise or critical remarks from others
Schizotypal Personality Disorder

They are often described as odd or eccentric and usually
have few, if any, close relationships. They generally don't
understand how relationships form or the impact of their
behavior on others. They may also misinterpret others'
motivations and behaviors and develop significant distrust
of others.

These problems may lead to severe anxiety and a tendency
to avoid social situations, as the person with schizotypal
personality disorder tends to hold peculiar beliefs and may
have difficulty with responding appropriately to social cues.

Symptoms:
○ Being a loner and lacking close friends outside of the immediate family
○ Flat emotions or limited or inappropriate emotional responses
○ Persistent and excessive social anxiety
○ Incorrect interpretation of events, such as a feeling that something that is actually harmless or
inoffensive has a direct personal meaning
○ Peculiar, eccentric or unusual thinking, beliefs or mannerisms

Symptoms:
○ Belief in special powers, such as mental telepathy or superstitions
○ Unusual perceptions, such as sensing an absent person's presence or having illusions
○ Dressing in peculiar ways, such as appearing unkempt or wearing oddly matched clothes
○ Peculiar style of speech, such as vague or unusual patterns of speaking, or rambling oddly
during conversations
Paranoid Personality Disorder

Paranoid personality disorders is characterized by a pervasive pattern
of unwarranted distrust and suspicion of others that involves
interpreting their motives as malicious.

Symptoms:
○ Feelings that they are being lied to, deceived, or exploited by other people
○ May believe that friends, family, and romantic partners are untrustworthy and unfaithful
○ Outbursts of anger in response to perceived deception
○ Often described as cold, jealous, secretive, and serious
○ Overly controlling in relationships in order to avoid being exploited or manipulated

Symptoms:
○ Look for hidden meanings in gestures and conversations
○ Find it difficult to relax
○ Often hold negative views of other people
○ Overly sensitive to criticism
○ Overreacts in response to perceived criticism
Dramatic/Erratic Cluster
Antisocial Personality Disorder

Sometimes called sociopathy, is a mental disorder in which a person
consistently shows no regard for right and wrong and ignores the
rights and feelings of others. People with antisocial personality
disorder tend to antagonize, manipulate or treat others harshly or with
callous indifference. They show no guilt or remorse for their
behavior.

Individuals with antisocial personality disorder often violate the law,
becoming criminals. They may lie, behave violently or impulsively,
and have problems with drug and alcohol use. Because of these
characteristics, people with this disorder typically can't fulfill
responsibilities related to family, work or school

Symptoms:
○ Disregard for right and wrong
○ Persistent lying or deceit to exploit others
○ Being callous, cynical and disrespectful of others
○ Using charm or wit to manipulate others for personal gain or personal pleasure
○ Arrogance, a sense of superiority and being extremely opinionated
○ Recurring problems with the law, including criminal behavior
○ Repeatedly violating the rights of others through intimidation and dishonesty

Symptoms:
○ Impulsiveness or failure to plan ahead
○ Hostility, significant irritability, agitation, aggression or violence
○ Lack of empathy for others and lack of remorse about harming others
○ Unnecessary risk-taking or dangerous behavior with no regard for the safety of self or others
○ Poor or abusive relationships
○ Failure to consider the negative consequences of behavior or learn from them
○ Being consistently irresponsible and repeatedly failing to fulfill work or financial obligations
Histrionic Personality Disorder

It is commonly known as a dramatic personality disorder, is a
psychiatric disorder distinguished by a pattern of exaggerated
emotionality and attention-seeking behaviors.

Specifically, people with histrionic personality disorder are typically
characterized as flirtatious, seductive, charming, manipulative,
impulsive, and lively.

Symptoms:
○ Be uncomfortable unless they are the center of attention
○ Dress provocatively and/or exhibit inappropriately seductive or flirtatious behavior
○ Shift emotions rapidly
○ Act very dramatically, as though performing before an audience, with exaggerated emotions and
expressions, yet appears to lack sincerity
○ Be overly concerned with physical appearance
○ Constantly seek reassurance or approval
○ Be gullible and easily influenced by others

Symptoms:
○ Be excessively sensitive to criticism or disapproval
○ Have a low tolerance for frustration and be easily bored by routine, often beginning projects
without finishing them or skipping from one event to another
○ Not think before acting
○ Make rash decisions
○ Be self-centered and rarely show concern for others
○ Have difficulty maintaining relationships, often seeming fake or shallow in their dealings with
others
○ Threaten or attempt suicide to get attention
Borderline Personality Disorder

It includes self-image issues, difficulty managing emotions and
behavior, and a pattern of unstable relationships.

With borderline personality disorder, you have an intense fear of
abandonment or instability, and you may have difficulty tolerating
being alone. Yet inappropriate anger, impulsiveness and frequent
mood swings may push others away, even though you want to have
loving and lasting relationships.

Symptoms:
○ An intense fear of abandonment, even going to extreme measures to avoid real or imagined
separation or rejection
○ A pattern of unstable intense relationships, such as idealizing someone one moment and then
suddenly believing the person doesn't care enough or is cruel
○ Rapid changes in self-identity and self-image that include shifting goals and values, and seeing
yourself as bad or as if you don't exist at all
○ Periods of stress-related paranoia and loss of contact with reality, lasting from a few minutes to a
few hours

Symptoms:
○ Impulsive and risky behavior, such as gambling, reckless driving, unsafe sex, spending sprees,
binge eating or drug abuse, or sabotaging success by suddenly quitting a good job or ending a
positive relationship
○ Suicidal threats or behavior or self-injury, often in response to fear of separation or rejection
○ Wide mood swings lasting from a few hours to a few days, which can include intense happiness,
irritability, shame or anxiety
○ Ongoing feelings of emptiness
○ Inappropriate, intense anger, such as frequently losing your temper, being sarcastic or bitter, or
having physical fights
Narcissistic Personality Disorder

A mental condition in which people have an inflated sense of their
own importance, a deep need for excessive attention and admiration,
troubled relationships, and a lack of empathy for others. But behind
this mask of extreme confidence lies a fragile self-esteem that's
vulnerable to the slightest criticism.

Symptoms:
○ Have an exaggerated sense of self-importance
○ Have a sense of entitlement and require constant, excessive admiration
○ Expect to be recognized as superior even without achievements that warrant it
○ Exaggerate achievements and talents
○ Be preoccupied with fantasies about success, power, brilliance, beauty or the perfect mate
○ Believe they are superior and can only associate with equally special people
○ Monopolize conversations and belittle or look down on people they perceive as inferior

Symptoms:
○ Expect special favors and unquestioning compliance with their expectations
○ Take advantage of others to get what they want
○ Have an inability or unwillingness to recognize the needs and feelings of others
○ Be envious of others and believe others envy them
○ Behave in an arrogant or haughty manner, coming across as conceited, boastful and pretentious
○ Insist on having the best of everything — for instance, the best car or office
Anxious/Fearful Cluster
Dependent Personality Disorder

It causes feelings of helplessness, submissiveness, a need to be taken
care of and for constant reassurance, and an inability to make
everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and
reassurance from others.

Symptoms:
○ Inability to make decisions, even everyday decisions like what to wear, without the advice and
reassurance of others
○ Avoidance of adult responsibilities by acting passive and helpless; dependence on a spouse or
friend to make decisions like where to work and live
○ Intense fear of abandonment and a sense of devastation or helplessness when relationships end; a
person with DPD often moves right into another relationship when one ends.
○ Oversensitivity to criticism

Symptoms:
○ Pessimism and lack of self-confidence, including a belief that they are unable to care for
themselves
○ Avoidance of disagreeing with others for fear of losing support or approval
○ Inability to start projects or tasks because of a lack of self-confidence
○ Difficulty being alone
○ Willingness to tolerate mistreatment and abuse from others
○ Placing the needs of their caregivers above their own
○ Tendency to be naive and to fantasize
Avoidant Personality Disorder

It is characterized by feelings of extreme social inhibition,
inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection. Yet the
symptoms involve more than simply being shy or socially awkward.
Avoidant personality disorder causes significant problems that affect
the ability to interact with others and maintain relationships in day-to-
day life.

Symptoms:
○ A need to be well-liked
○ Anhedonia (lack of pleasure in activities)
○ Anxiety about saying or doing the wrong thing
○ Anxiety in social situations
○ Avoiding conflict (being a "people-pleaser")
○ Avoiding interaction in work settings or turning down promotions
○ Avoiding intimate relationships or sharing intimate feelings
○ Avoiding making decisions

Symptoms:
○ Avoiding situations due to fear of rejection
○ Avoiding social situations or events1
○ Easily hurt by criticism or disapproval
○ Extreme self-consciousness
○ Failure to initiate social contact
○ Fearful and tense demeanor
○ Feelings of inadequacy
○ Hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
○ Lack of assertiveness

Symptoms:
○ Lack of trust in others
○ Low self-esteem
○ Misinterpreting neutral situations as negative
○ No close friends/lacking a social network
○ Self-isolation
○ Social inhibition
○ Unwilling to take risks or try new things
○ Viewing oneself as socially inept or inferior
○ Vigilant for signs of disapproval or rejection
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is defined by
strict orderliness, control, and perfectionism. Someone with OCPD
will likely try to stay in charge of the smallest details of their life,
even at the expense of their flexibility and openness to new
experiences.

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is defined by
strict orderliness, control, and perfectionism. Someone with OCPD
will likely try to stay in charge of the smallest details of their life,
even at the expense of their flexibility and openness to new
experiences.
Symptoms:
○ Acting restrained or restricted with their emotions
○ Adherence to rules in an inflexible, rigid way
○ Creating order and lists for tasks
○ Desire to control their relationships with others
○ Difficulty empathizing with others and/or maintaining intimate relationships
○ Extreme dedication to their work
○ Having trouble giving things to others
○ Need for perfection even in the smallest details
○ Problems with self-identity and/or self-direction
○ Trouble giving up control and delegating tasks
Substance Use Disorder
It can be defined as a progressive disease that causes people

to lose control of the use of some substance despite
worsening consequences of that use. Substances such as
alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are considered drugs.
When you're addicted, you may continue using the drug
despite the harm it causes.
Drug addiction symptoms or behaviors include, among others:

○ Feeling that you have to use the drug regularly daily or even several times a
day
○ Having intense urges for the drug that block out any other thoughts
○ Over time, needing more of the drug to get the same effect
○ Taking larger amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you
intended

○ Making certain that you maintain a supply of the drug
○ Spending money on the drug, even though you can't afford it
○ Not meeting obligations and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or
recreational activities because of drug use
○ Continuing to use the drug, even though you know it's causing problems in your
life or causing you physical or psychological harm

○ Doing things to get the drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing
○ Driving or doing other risky activities when you're under the influence of the
drug
○ Spending a good deal of time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering
from the effects of the drug
○ Failing in your attempts to stop using the drug
○ Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug
PROCESS OF ADDICTION
Experimentation or Initiation. Usually in the company of peers, someone tries
heroin to satisfy curiosity; most users terminate opiate use after this stage, but some
continue.
Escalation. A pattern of frequent use develops over a number of months, leading to
daily use, physical addiction, and increased tolerance; some chippers continue
using heroin infrequently without developing physical dependency at this stage.
Maintaining or “Taking Care of Business.” Relatively stable heroin use still
allows the addict to get high; psychologically, the addict maintains confidence
about keeping up with job duties and other responsibilities, despite the
unquestioned addiction.
Dysfunction or “Going through Changes.” The addict may experience jail or a
treatment program for the first time, and other negative effects of the habit may
become evident as well; the addict may try to quit the habit, either in combination
with others or alone, but fail.
○ Recovery or “Getting Out of the Life.” The recovered addict develops a
successful attitude to quit drugs, either within or outside a formal treatment
program; this progression involves major life changes.
○ Ex-Addict. The user acquires a new social identity as an ex-addict. Successfully
treated addicts adopt this role through their work in treatment programs;
untreated ex-addicts very seldom adopt such a role. (Waldorf, 1983)
Drug Classifications Based On Effect
Depressants
More commonly referred to as “downers,” Depressants create feelings of relaxation and
tiredness. While many serve legitimate purposes in the fight against mental illness and sleep
deprivation, they are very commonly abused because they may also create feelings of
euphoria. Depressants are not only some of the most highly addictive drugs, but they are also
some of the most highly dangerous and likely to cause overdose.
Examples of Depressants
○ Alcohol
○ Opiates
○ Barbiturates
Stimulants
Also known as “uppers,” the primary use of Stimulants is to increase energy, concentration,
and wakefulness. Stimulants are said to provide a “rush.” In the short term, Stimulants are
believed to increase productivity and performance while producing an excited high of
pleasure. In the long term, Stimulants are incredibly addictive and have a very high potential
for abuse.
Examples of Stimulants
○ Adderall
○ Cocaine
○ Meth
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens alter the user’s perception of reality. Often this results in auditory and visual
hallucinations, a process known as “tripping.” Although Hallucinogens are generally less
addictive than other drug classifications, their immediate impacts are generally more severe
and dangerous.
Examples of Hallucinogens
○ LSD
○ Psilocybin Mushrooms
○ PCP
Inhalants
Inhalants are a vast range of chemicals that are ingested primarily by breathing them in, or
huffing. Most inhalants are commonly used materials that are in no way designed to be
ingested by humans. While there is incredible variety between inhalants, most produce
feelings of a high. Inhalants are less studied than most other drugs. While they tend to be less
addictive than many other substances, the use of Inhalants is incredibly dangerous and
causes many serious health effects.
Examples of commonly abused Inhalants include
Paint thinner Gasoline
Nail polish remover Rugby
Impulse Control Disorder
A person with an impulse control disorder is often unable to resist the

sudden, forceful urge to do something that may violate the rights of
others or conflict with societal norms. These impulsive behaviors
may occur repeatedly, quickly and without consideration of the
consequences of the actions.
They do not feel in control of what would be considered normal behavior if
done to a lesser degree or done infrequently. Impulse control disorder is
defined by the following key features:
○ Repetitive engagement in a behavior despite negative consequences
○ Inability to fully control the problematic behavior
○ Experiencing strong urges or cravings to engage in the problematic
behavior
○ Performing problematic behavior to release pressure or feel pleasure
Kleptomania
Kleptomania is the inability to control the urge, or impulse, to steal. This
definition does not refer to stealing for necessity, such as food. Instead,
kleptomania refers to stealing items that are unneeded, meaningless or
lacking in value.
Pyromania
Pyromania refers to the inability to control the impulse to set fires. A
person with pyromania feels an intense urge, which may present as
anxiety or emotional blockage, that is only relieved by setting fires.
Relief from these difficult feelings is the main reason people with
pyromania set fires, though some people with the condition also report
feeling intense pleasure as well.
Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Intermittent explosive disorder refers to the inability to control the
impulse to respond in rage to minor triggers. In some cases, this rage
may escalate to physical violence. Unlike other disorders with similar
features, the repeated impulsive outbursts of anger that characterize
intermittent explosive disorder are excessive compared to the triggering
event.
Pathological Gambling
While once considered an impulse control disorder, the most recent
update to diagnostic criteria has recategorized pathological gambling as a
process addiction. Also called compulsive gambling, a person with
pathological gambling cannot resist the impulse to gamble. The thought
of gambling becomes so overwhelming and intrusive that the only relief
is to engage in gambling.
Trichotillomania
Trichotillomania refers to a disorder in which a person experiences
irresistible impulsive urges to pull out their hair. They may pull hair from
their scalp or other areas of the body. Not everyone who has this disorder
finds the act of pulling out hair to be pain-free. However, even for people
who find it to be unpleasant, the urge to do it is so intense that it
overrides concerns for pain.

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SOCIAL DEVIANCE

What is acceptable What accounts for the varied set of behaviors

It is any behavior that is contrary It is any behavior which does not

It is disapproved behavior and It is an action that is likely to

 Deviance is universal, but there are no universal forms or deviance.

It is the violation of formally This involves violations of

○ This are expectations of conduct in particular situations

○ Some social norms may require considerable force to

○ Proscriptive norms tell people what they should not do;

○ Differentiation is how people differ from one another in a

○ Power can be defined as the ability to make choices by

○ Powerful people, by virtue of their influence, often define

○ Sometimes members of a social group share a set of values

○ Deviant events take many forms, but all such events

○ Deviant roles emerges in the acts that people perform.

○ All social groups have means of dealing with behavior that

○ Internalization of group norms encourages conformity

○ Sanctions are social reactions to behavior.

○ Informal social sanctions come from reactions to

○ Informal sanctions such as gossip and ridicule may work

○ Informal sanction reactions inspire a range of specific

○ Formal social controls involve organized systems of

○ Social behavior is an acquired activity. People do not

○ Socialization refers to the process by which members of

○ Deviants and non-deviants perform a variety of social

○ Social behavior develops not only through responses to the

○ The act of orienting one’s own behavior to a set of

○ Actual role behavior may differ somewhat from specific

○ Role strain may arise in situations with complex role

Many of these problems arise in systems of roles because;

(2) an individual plays too many roles to fulfill all of them

Biological explanations of deviance sees deviance as caused

Psychiatric model of deviance regard deviants as patients with

Psychoanalytic explanations of deviance regards deviance as

Psychological explanations of deviance is based on the

Rational choice theories sees deviance simply as purposeful

Durkheim argued that deviance was necessary in every society because it

2. Deviance promotes group solidarity.

3. Deviance serves an innovation function.

a. Society must continually find ways to grow and change.

Robert K. Merton developed the structural strain theory as an

According to the structural strain or anomie theory, societies are

FIVE ADAPTATIONS TO STRAIN

It begins with the assumption that no act is intrinsically criminal.

The consequences of being labeled as deviant can be far-reaching. Social

Social control theory, developed by Travis Hirschi, is a type of

Socialization is important in producing conformity to social rules and it is

According to the theory, created by Edwin H. Sutherland, criminal

Those who associate with delinquents, deviants, or criminals learn to value

The principles of Sutherland’s theory of differential association can be

 Criminal behavior is learned.

The principles of Sutherland’s theory of differential association can be

 When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of

The principles of Sutherland’s theory of differential association can be

 The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of

The principles of Sutherland’s theory of differential association can be

 Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and

The principles of Sutherland’s theory of differential association can be

 While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it