uss module 6 chpt 9

Module 6:
Wonders of My Body (II)

Chapter 9 Digestion
© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Chapter 9 Digestion
9.1 Why is Digestion Important?

9.2 How does the digestive system work?
9.3 How does the body speed up digestion?
9.4 Health Issues Related to Digestion?

Objectives
Explain why digestion is necessary for
most food in order for our body to use
food for energy, growth and repair

Why do we need food?
 Food is important to us. We need food for various reasons:
(a) To provide ourselves with energy to carry out

daily activities
(b) For growth and repair of injured body parts
(c) To keep us healthy
 Food contains nutrients, water and dietary fibre.
 Thenutrients in our food are carbohydrates, fats,

proteins, mineral salts and vitamins

Our body requires all types of nutrients to grow
and stay healthy.

Why must food be digested?
Food that we eat may contain large molecules
that are insoluble.
They are too large to enter the bloodstream

and cannot be carried to all parts of the
body. Some examples of such foods are
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
Thebody cannot make use of food as it is.

Food needs to be digested into simpler forms.
Why must food be digested?
When food is digested, large, insoluble
food molecules are broken down into
smaller, soluble molecules which can
enter the bloodstream and be carried to
all parts of the body to be used.

Only digested food molecules can enter
the bloodstream

What happens during digestion?

Chapter 9 Digestion


Objectives
Identify the main organs and the
associated organs of the digestive system
(mouth, gullet, stomach, small intestine,
large intestine, rectum, anus, salivary
glands, pancreas, gall bladder and liver)
and state their functions

Parts of the digestive system

Digestive organs and their functions



The liver, gall bladder and pancreas
Food does not pass through the liver, gall
bladder and pancreas, but these organs
play important roles in the digestion of
food.

Liver
The liver produces a greenish-yellow liquid

called bile, which is stored in the gall bladder.

Bile
Bile does not contain enzymes so it cannot

digest food.
Itbreaks up large fat droplets into smaller

fat droplets. This makes it easier for
enzymes to digest fats in the small intestine.
Functions of the liver
Other functions of the liver include:
(a) Storing excess glucose

(b) Breaking down excess proteins in
our diet into urea, which is removed in our
urine
(c) Breaking down harmful substances such
as alcohol and drugs into harmless
substances in a process known as
detoxification.
Gall bladder
The gall bladder stores bile produced by the

liver and releases it into the small intestine.

The gall bladder
Activity Book Link

Activity 9.1
The Digestive System
Activity 9.2
The Digestion Process
The gall bladder releases bile into the

small intestine and bile enters the small
intestine via the bile duct.
Pancreas
The pancreas Pancreatic enzymes

releases enzymes are carried to the
that help increase the small intestine via the
rate of digestion. pancreatic duct.

Chapter 9 Digestion

9.3 How does the body speed up
digestion?

Objectives
Show an understanding that digestive
enzymes are important in helping to speed
up the rate of digestion and that they
require optimum temperature and pH to
work efficiently
Interpret data on the effect of pH and
temperature on the rate of protein
digestion enzymes

Specificity of Enzymes
enzymes digest only specific molecules
 Enzymes have many properties.

 Each enzyme only digests a specific type of nutrient.
 For example, an enzyme that digests carbohydrates
cannot digest fats or proteins.

Enzymes and Temperature
 Enzymes are affected by temperature.

 Enzymes operate at an optimum temperature.
 They do not work well or stop working when
temperatures are too low or too high.
At low temperatures, the enzyme is less
active and the rate of reaction is low.
As temperature increases, enzymes become

active and the rate of enzyme reaction
increases.
Enzymes are the most active at the optimum

temperature. The rate of enzyme reaction is
the highest.
Different enzymes have different optimum
temperatures. For instance, enzymes found
in our bodies work best at body temperature,
37°C.
Above the optimum temperature, activity

decreases as temperature increases.
At higher temperatures, the enzyme is

destroyed and is not able to digest food.
Enzymes are Enzymes destroyed
destroyed by high by high temperatures
temperatures cannot digest food
Activity Book Link

Activity 9.3
What is the Optimum Temperature for
Starch Digestion?
Enzymes and pH
Activity Book Link

Activity 9.4
Digestive Enzymes
(Characteristics)
 Different enzymes work well at different pH.
 Enzymes found in the stomach work best in acidic

conditions (pH 2), while enzymes in our small intestine
work best in slightly alkaline conditions (pH 8).
Chapter 9 Digestion


Objectives
Describe the effects of excessive alcohol
consumption on the liver (e.g. damaged
liver, liver cancer)
Outline how constipation may occur and
suggest how to prevent them
State how the diet and activity level of a
diabetic person can be changed to control
his/her blood glucose level

How does our diet and lifestyle affect our
health?
 Drinking too much alcohol, a diet high in fat

and low in dietary fibre, and a lack of exercise
can be harmful to our health:
(a) Drinking too much alcohol can cause liver

damage.
(b) A lack of dietary fibre in our diet leads to
constipation.
(c) A diet high in fat and sugar may result
in obesity, which can lead to diabetes.
Effects of Alcohol on the Liver
 Alcohol is found in alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine.
 Beer,wine and champagne are some common alcoholic

beverages.

When a person drinks alcohol, it enters
the bloodstream through the stomach
wall and is brought to the liver to be
broken down into harmless substances.
Too much alcohol can cause liver

damage. Once damaged, the liver
cannot return to its original healthy
condition.

 Drinkingtoo much alcohol over a period of time

damages liver cells.
 Thisreduces the liver’s ability to break down harmful

substances. Over time, this can lead to liver hardening,
which will result in liver failure and even liver cancer.
Ways to prevent alcohol addiction

Constipation
Constipation is having difficulty in clearing faeces

from the anus.
Constipation may occur because the faeces are too

hard and dry and cannot move smoothly through
the large intestine.
Constipation
 A diet lacking water and dietary fibre may cause

constipation.
 Dietary fibre solidifies the faeces and retains water in the

faeces so that they can move easily through the large intestine.
 This reduces the time needed for the undigested food to pass
out of the body through the anus.

How do we prevent constipation?
In order to prevent
constipation, we
should consume
food rich in dietary
fibre and water.
Fruits,vegetables
and cereals are good eating food high in fibre
prevents constipation
sources of dietary
fibre.
Diabetes
Diabetes is a condition in
which the amount of
glucose in the blood cannot
be controlled.
Diabetes may be
(a) inherited from parents

(b) caused by an
unhealthy lifestyle and
diet high in sugar and people with diabetes need
to check their blood sugar levels
fats regularly

Signs and symptoms of diabetest
A diabetic person may experience the
following signs and symptoms:
(a) Frequently need to urinate

(b) Feel thirsty
(c) Tend to have a very good appetite
(d) Feel tired
(e) Experience blurred vision
(f) Pass out urine that is high in sugar,
which attracts ants
Effects of diabetes
If left untreated, a diabetic person may
risk:
(a) Uncontrolled infections of open

wounds on body surfaces, for example
a cut on the skin
(b) Blindness if there is bleeding in the
eye

How can we control diabetes?
Diabetes can be controlled by
(a) injecting insulin before meals

(b) controlling the diet by reducing the
amount of carbohydrates eaten
(c) exercising regularly to maintain a
healthy weight.
Activity Book Link
Activity 9.5
Digestive Disorders


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uss module 6 chpt 9

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Module 6:

Wonders of My Body (II)

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

9.1 Why is Digestion Important?

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

(a) To provide ourselves with energy to carry out

 Food contains nutrients, water and dietary fibre.

 Thenutrients in our food are carbohydrates, fats,

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

They are too large to enter the bloodstream

Thebody cannot make use of food as it is.

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

9.1 Why is Digestion Important?

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

The liver produces a greenish-yellow liquid

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Bile does not contain enzymes so it cannot

Itbreaks up large fat droplets into smaller

(a) Storing excess glucose

The gall bladder stores bile produced by the

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Activity Book Link

The gall bladder releases bile into the

The pancreas Pancreatic enzymes

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

9.1 Why is Digestion Important?

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

enzymes digest only specific molecules

 Enzymes have many properties.

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

 Enzymes are affected by temperature.

As temperature increases, enzymes become

Enzymes are the most active at the optimum

Above the optimum temperature, activity

At higher temperatures, the enzyme is

Activity Book Link

Activity Book Link

 Different enzymes work well at different pH.

 Enzymes found in the stomach work best in acidic

9.1 Why is Digestion Important?

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

 Drinking too much alcohol, a diet high in fat

(a) Drinking too much alcohol can cause liver

 Alcohol is found in alcoholic drinks such as beer and wine.

 Beer,wine and champagne are some common alcoholic

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Too much alcohol can cause liver

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

 Drinkingtoo much alcohol over a period of time

 Thisreduces the liver’s ability to break down harmful

© Copyright Star Publishing Pte Ltd

Constipation is having difficulty in clearing faeces