NUTRITION IN

ELDERLY

SWARNA VENKATAKRISHNAN​
II-BSc. NUTRITION AND DIETETICS​
06/03/2024​
BCSM, THANJAVUR
CONTENTS
• Introduction to adult nutrition
• Geriatrics
• Changes in body composition
• Physiological changes
• Psychological factors in relation to food intake
INTRODUCTION

1. Old age is defined as the age of retirement that is 60 years and

above.
2. Nutrition for old age is known as Geriatric Nutrition.
3. Aging brings physiological, immunological and psychological
changes which influence their health status.
 EAT
RIGHT
• Choose foods that are
nutrient-dense and low in calories, sugar, saturated fats, and sodi
um
.
• Eat a variety of
fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy.
Include foods that are rich in
potassium, calcium, vitamin D, dietary fiber, and vitamin B12.
• Drink enough water to prevent dehydration.
 GERIATRIC
NUTRITION
• Geriatric nutrition applies the nutrition principles to delay effects of aging
and disease, to aid in the management of the physical, psychological,
psychosocial changes commonly associated with growing old.
• Geriatrics primarily concentrates on the healthcare and medical care of
older adults.
• It aims to address the specific health needs and conditions associated with
aging.
• Geriatricians specialize in treating age-related health issues such as
osteoporosis, arthritis, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension,
cancer, and diabetes.
 CHANGES IN BODY
COMPOSITION
As we age, our body composition undergoes several changes.
• Muscle Mass and Strength:
Decrease in Muscle Mass: Known as sarcopenia, older adults tend to lose muscle mass over time. This can
lead to reduced strength, mobility, and overall physical function.
• Increased Body Fat:
Distribution changes: Older adults often experience an increase in body fat, especially around the
abdomen (central adiposity). This is associated with health risks such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.
• Bone Density Changes:
Bone Loss: Aging is linked to a gradual decline in bone density, leading to an increased risk of fractures and
osteoporosis.
Importance of Weight-Bearing Exercise: Weight-bearing activities (e.g., walking, jogging, resistance
training) help maintain bone health.
• Changes in Hydration and Connective Tissues:
Reduced Hydration: Older adults may have decreased total body water content, affecting hydration
levels.
Joint Stiffness: Connective tissues (such as tendons and ligaments) become less flexible, contributing
to joint stiffness.
• Body Composition Assessment:
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA): This method measures body fat, lean mass, and bone
density.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA): BIA estimates body composition based on electrical
conductivity through tissues.
Skinfold Thickness Measurements: Used to estimate body fat percentage
• Lifestyle Interventions:
Physical Activity: Regular exercise, including both aerobic (walking, swimming) and strength
training, helps maintain muscle mass and bone density.
Balanced Diet: Adequate protein intake supports muscle health. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains promotes overall well-being.
Hydration: Staying hydrated is essential for maintaining body composition and overall health.
 PHYSIOLOGICAL
CHANGES
• Cardiovascular System:
Blood Pressure: Blood pressure tends to increase with age due to changes in blood vessel elasticity.
Heart Function: The heart muscle may become less efficient, leading to a slower heart rate and reduced
cardiac output.
• Respiratory System:
Lung Function: Lung capacity decreases, affecting oxygen exchange. Older adults may experience
shortness of breath during physical activity.
• Musculoskeletal System:
Muscle Mass: Sarcopenia (muscle loss) occurs, impacting strength and mobility.
Bone Density: Bone density decreases, increasing the risk of fractures and osteoporosis.
• Digestive System:
Metabolism: Basal metabolic rate decreases, affecting calorie expenditure.
Digestive Enzymes: Production of digestive enzymes may decline, leading to slower digestion.
• Endocrine System:
Hormonal Changes: Hormone levels fluctuate, affecting energy, mood, and overall health.
Menopause (in women): Estrogen levels decline, leading to various symptoms.
• Nervous System:
Neural Plasticity: Brain plasticity decreases, affecting learning and memory.
Reaction Time: Reaction time may slow down.
• Vision and Hearing:
Presbyopia: Age-related farsightedness occurs.
Hearing Loss: High-frequency hearing loss is common
• Skin Changes:
Wrinkles: Collagen production decreases, leading to wrinkles.
• Immune System:
Immune Response: Immune function declines, making older adults more susceptible to
infections.
• Renal System:
Kidney Function: Kidney filtration efficiency decreases, affecting waste elimination.
• Reproductive System:
Menopause (in women): Cessation of menstrual cycles.
Andropause (in men): Decline in testosterone levels.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS
INFLUENCING THE INTAKE OF FOOD:
• Anorexia of Aging (AOA):
• Description: AOA refers to age-related changes in appetite, taste, and satiety.
• Impact: It can lead to reduced interest in food, altered taste perception, and decreased appetite.
• Consequences: AOA may contribute to inadequate nutrient intake and unintentional weight loss.
• Depression:
• Effect: Depression is prevalent among older adults and can significantly affect eating habits.
• Symptoms: Loss of appetite, lack of interest in cooking or grocery shopping, and changes in food
preferences.
• Management: Addressing depression through social support, counseling, and appropriate
treatment can improve food intake.
• Stress and Anxiety:
• Influence: Stress and anxiety can lead to reduced food consumption.
• Mechanism: These emotional states may alter hunger cues and affect meal patterns.
• Strategies: Encouraging relaxation techniques and stress management can positively impact food
choices.
• Dementia and Cognitive Impairment:
• Challenges: Individuals with dementia may struggle with choosing foods, feeding themselves, and
recognizing hunger.
• Support Needed: Caregivers play a crucial role in ensuring adequate nutrition for older adults with
cognitive decline.
• Emotional Attachment to Food:
• Significance: Emotional connections to certain foods (e.g., comfort foods) influence eating behavior.
• Memories: Older adults may associate specific dishes with positive memories, affecting their food
choices.
• Social Isolation and Loneliness:
• Impact: Reduced social contact due to retirement,
loss of family, or friends can lead to loneliness.
• Consequences: Loneliness may result in decreased
interest in grocery shopping, cooking, and eating.
• Medications:
• Appetite Changes: Some medications can cause
nausea, alter taste perception, or affect appetite.
• Depression: Certain drugs may contribute to
symptoms of depression, further impacting food
intake.
• Economic Constraints:
• Limited Funds: Older adults with financial
limitations may compromise food quality and
variety.
• Affordability: The cost of nutritious foods can
influence dietary choices.
• Physical Health Conditions:
• Pain and Mobility Issues: Chronic pain or mobility limitations can hinder grocery shopping and
meal preparation.
• Vision and Dental Problems: Visual impairments and dental issues affect food selection and
eating comfort.
• Nutrition Education and Counseling:
• Importance: Providing information on healthy eating and practical cooking skills can empower
older adults.
• Supportive Environment: Encouraging social dining and community programs can enhance
food intake.
THANK YOU