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nervous system
nervous system
Subtitle
ORGANIZATION OF
THE NERVOUS
SYSTEM
Outline
2
http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nsdivide.html
CNS: Spinal cord
5
Functions
1. Conducts afferent
stimuli from
sensory receptors
to the brain
2. Conducts efferent
stimuli from brain
to
effectors/muscles
3. Site of reflex
integration and
houses
certain central
CNS: Spinal cord input/output
6
* *
Afferent fibre *
Efferent fibre *
*
* Part of the peripheral nervous Figure 4-8, B&L
CNS: Spinal cord tracts
7
Functions
1. Motor control;
connections with motor
cortex and thalamus
2. Regulate initiation and
termination of
movements
3. Some role in attention,
memory and planning
Telencephalon: Amygdala &
16
Hippocampus
Amygdala functions
1. Part of the limbic system
2. Associated with pleasure, fear,
addiction
3. Important in forming and
storing
memories of emotional events
Hippocampus functions
4. Part of the limbic system
5. Important in formation of
memories, including spatial
and navigation memories
6. Damage to hippocampus can
result in anterograde
amnesia
Forebrain part 2: Diencephalon
17
Two divisions:
a) tectum
superior colliculi
contain nuclei for visual
reflexes
inferior colliculi
contain nuclei for auditory
reflexes
b) tegmentum
substantia nigra
Release dopamine to basal
ganglia
red nucleus
Connections with cerebellum
for coordination of movement
Hinbrain: Myelencephalon
19
Two divisions:
a) myelencephalon
medulla oblongata
Contains ascending
and descending
sensory and motor
tracts connecting the
cerebrum to the
spinal cord
Most spinal cord tracts
cross over in the
pyramids
Contains nuclei that
regulate breathing,
blood pressure,
vomiting
Hinbrain: Metencephalon
20
b) metencephalon
pons
Meninges composition
-Pia mater
(innermost layer)
-Arachnoid
mater
Protection: Blood Brain Barrier
23
weight drugs
Tagging the drug with ligand to
assist in receptor mediated
transcellular transport
Injecting drug directly into
brain
matter
Protection: Cerebrospinal Fluid
25
subarachnoid space
Less protein than
• The point where the axon arises from a cell body is termed
as axon hillock.
• Axons make contact with other cells via the synaptic knob—
usually on dendrites of other neurons but sometimes
muscle or gland cells—at junctions called synapses.
Betz cells – large motor neurons located within the fifth layer
of the grey matter in the primary motor cortex, M1.
Purkinje cells - some of the largest neurons in the
human brain, found within the Purkinje layer in the cerebellum.
Electrical
conduction
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
• The relatively static membrane potential of quiescent cells
is
called the resting membrane potential.
4.4 4.5
4.3
3.5
3
2.8
2.4 2.5
2 2
1.8
Group B
• Task 1
• Task 2
Group C
• Task 1