How Organisms Obtain and

Utilize Energy
cellular respiration
 Objectives

At the end of this lesson;

you should be able to describe how organisms
obtain and utilize energy and recognize that
organisms require energy to carry out functions
required for life.
What do you notice about this
picture?
 Learn about it!
• Carbohydrates are one of the most important food
sources for animals. If carbohydrates are stored,
then its potential as a source of energy is null.
Carbohydrates must be broken down into sugar and
produce ATP that will act as a fuel essential for
cell's activities and processes.
• When you put a coin in a machine slot, the machine
slot will not accept it unless it is a token because
the machine slot was made to read the token, not
the coin.
Cellular Respiration

Cellular respiration is a process of energy

conversion where carbohydrates are broken
down into glucose and ATP.
There are two types of cellular respiration:
aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic Respiration

• This occurs when glucose is broken down

in the presence of oxygen.

• This is divided into three stages:

glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, and oxidative
phosphorylation.
A.Glycolysis
Glycolysis

• It is a process where glucose is broken

down into pyruvic acids.
• It takes place in the cytoplasm.
• Two ATP and NADPH are produced.
• This can happen with or without
oxygen.
B. Kreb's Cycle
 Kreb's Cycle

• This happens in the mitochondria.

• Kreb's cycle requires oxygen.
• When a pyruvic acid loses CO2, it
produces acetyl-CoA which oxidizes to
form CO2, ATP, and other compounds
(NADH and FADH2).
C. Oxidative phosphorylation
 Oxidative phosphorylation

Phosphorylation is the process where electrons are

combined with another molecule from the ATP.
The main goal is to transfer electrons from NADH
and FADH2 to produce ATP.

The final electron acceptor in oxidative

phosphorylation is the oxygen. The oxygen accepts
the electrons to produce water within the
mitochondrial matrix.
Oxidative phosphorylation

Two steps are involved: electron

transport chain (ETC) and
chemiosmosis.
ETC transports electrons but produces
no ATP.
In chemiosmosis, ATP synthase is
driven by protons to produce ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration
This occurs in the absence of
oxygen and glucose is broken down
to ATP. There are two types of
anaerobic respiration: alcoholic
fermentation and lactic acid
fermentation.
A.Alcoholic Fermentation
 Alcoholic Fermentation

• Glucose is converted to
alcohol. This type of
fermentation does not occur in
humans. It usually occurs in
bacteria and yeast.
B. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

• This occurs in the human body when oxygen

in the muscles is used up and the muscles
still require more energy, thus producing
lactic acid. This is especially evident during
intense physical exercises or movements.
Explore!

You have a paper in Biology due next

week. Since the deadline is still next week,
you procrastinated. At the day of the
deadline, you rushed to finish your paper.
You wanted to finish it but it feels like you
can't think anymore. Based on the
situation, what is the role of cellular
respiration in your body's condition?
Photosynthesis

Glucose provides the energy and

carbon needed to make other
plant materials like wax and
proteins.
Oxygen and Sugar!
• In plants and simple animals, waste products are removed
by diffusion. Plants, for example, excrete O2, a product of
photosynthesis.
 EQUATION FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

WATER OXYGEN
6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY C6H12O6 + 6O2
CARBON GLUCOSE
DIOXIDE
The end!
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• 2 Phases
• Light-dependent reaction
• Light-independent reaction

• Light-dependent: converts light energy into

chemical energy; produces ATP molecules to be
used to fuel light-independent reaction

• Light-independent: uses ATP produced to make

simple sugars.
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Requires light
• Occurs in chloroplast (in thylakoids)
• Chlorophyll (thylakoid) traps energy from light
• Light excites electron (e-)
• Kicks e- out of chlorophyll to an electron transport chain
• Electron transport chain: series of proteins in thylakoid
membrane
• Bucket brigade
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-dependent reaction (LIGHT Reaction)
• Energy lost along electron transport chain
• Lost energy used to recharge ATP from ADP

• NADPH produced from e- transport chain

• Stores energy until transfer to stroma
• Plays important role in light-independent reaction

• Total byproducts: ATP, NADP, O2

 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• How did we get O2 as a byproduct?!
• Photolysis: replaces lost electrons by splitting
water
 Sun

Light energy transfers to chlorophyll.

• At each step
along the
transport chain, Chlorophyll passes energy down
through the electron transport

the electrons chain.

lose energy.
Energized electrons provide energy that

to ADP
splits bonds P
H2 O
formi
H+ ng
NADP+ oxygen ATP
released
NADPH

for the use in

light-independent
reactions
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Light-independent reaction (Dark Reaction)
• Does not require light
• Calvin Cycle
• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Requires CO2
• Uses ATP and NADPH as fuel to run
• Makes glucose sugar from CO2 and Hydrogen
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Light intensity: as light increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Carbon Dioxide: As CO2 increases, rate of
photosynthesis increases
 PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• What affects photosynthesis?
• Temperature:
• Temperature Low = Rate of photosynthesis low
• Temperature Increases = Rate of photosynthesis increases
• If temperature too hot, rate drops
 Check it!
1. The process that uses the sun’s energy to
make simple sugars is _____________.

A. Cellular respiration
B. Glycolysis
C. Photosynthesis
D. Photolysis
 Check it!
2. The function accomplished by the light-
dependent reactions is ______________.

A. Energy storage
B. Sugar production
C. Carbon fixation
D. Conversion of sugar