Nutrition Tools,

Standards and
Guidelines Nutrient
Recommendation
The Philippines is one of the countries in the
world where a significant number of children
remain malnourished despite the economic
growth and development in the country over
the past decades.

Data from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey

(2013 NNS) in the Philippines reported that
among children under 5 years old, the
prevalence of malnutrition measured by
underweight and stunting was 20% and 30%,
respectively, and the prevalence starts to
increase at 6–11 months.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is a generic
term for a set of nutrient reference values
that includes the Recommended Dietary
Allowance (RDA), Adequate Intake (AI),
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), and
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR).

This is for planning and assessing diets of

healthy groups and individuals. PDRI is the
collective term comprising reference value for
energy and nutrient levels of intakes.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is a
daily nutrient intake level that meets the
median or average requirement of healthy
individuals in particular life stage and sex
group, corrected for incomplete utilization or
dietary nutrient bioavailability.

The estimated average requirement (EAR) is

the amount of a nutrient that is estimated to
meet the requirement for a specific criterion of
adequacy of half of the healthy individuals of a
specific age, sex, and life-stage.
The amount of the nutrient necessary to meet
the appropriate criterion of adequacy varies
from one individual to the next, but the data
are usually distributed normally or can be
transformed to achieve a normal distribution.
A recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for
a nutrient is derived from
an estimated average requirement (EAR),
which is an estimate of the intake at which the
risk of inadequacy to an individual is 50%.
Recommended Energy/Nutrient Intake (RENI)
also known as Recommended Daily Allowances is
a level of intake of energy or nutrient which is
considered adequate for the maintenance of
health and well-being of healthy persons in the
population.

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is

the average daily dietary intake level that is
sufficient to meet the nutrient requirement of
nearly all (97 to 98 percent) healthy individuals in
a particular gender and life stage group (life stage
considers age and, when applicable, pregnancy or
lactation).
The 2015 Philippine Dietary Recommended
Intake (PDRI) shall be used for planning and
assessing diets for individuals and groups,
developing food-based dietary guidelines,
formulating standards and regulations on food
fortification, nutrition labeling and claims, and
food safety, designing and evaluating food
and nutrition assistance programs,
determining food bundles, setting food
production targets, and other related uses that
require consideration of nutrient and dietary
intakes.
Adequate Intake (AI) is a daily nutrient intake
level that is based on observed or
experimentally-determined approximation of
the average nutrient intake by a group (groups)
of apparently healthy people that are assumed
to sustain a defined nutritional state.

Adequate Diet is composed of various

nutrients which body needs for maintenance,
repair, and for growth and development.
The AI is based on observed or
experimentally determined estimates of
nutrient intake by a group (or groups) of
healthy people. For example, the AI for young
infants, for whom human milk is the
recommended sole source of food for the first
4 to 6 months, is based on the daily mean
nutrient intake supplied by human milk for
healthy, full-term infants who are exclusively
breastfed.
The main intended use of the AI is as a goal
for the nutrient intake of individuals. For
example: if an individual has a total calorie in
a day of 1,500, that individual can take at least
75% of the total calorie for a day which is
1,125 calorie is allowable.
Tolerable Upper Intake Level or Upper
Limit (UL) is a highest average daily nutrient
intake level likely to pose no adverse health
effects to almost all individuals in the general
population.
As intake increases above the UL, the risk of
adverse effects increases. The term tolerable
intake was chosen to avoid implying a
possible beneficial effect. Instead, the term is
intended to connote a level of intake that can,
with high probability, be tolerated biologically.
COMPONENTS OF ENERGY
EXPENDITURE
BASAL METABOLISM
measure of energy needed by the body at rest
for its internal chemical activities like
respiration, cellular metabolism, circulation,
glandular activity and maintenance of body
temperature
•approximately 1 calorie per kg of body weight
per hour
BASAL METABOLISM RATE (BMR)
•rate of basal metabolism in a given person at
Factors affecting BMR or Individuals Caloric
Need

•Surface Area - the greater the body surface

area or skin area, the greater the amount of
heat loss will be, increases heat - increases
BMR. WHY? Muscle tissue requires more O2
than adipose tissue.

•Sex/Gender - Men is higher BMR than

women. WHY? Women have a little more fat
and less muscular development than men. So,
men requires more calories
•Age - BMR is highest the periods of rapid
growth; first 2 years of life, adolescence,
pregnancy requires more calories, BMR
declines slowly with increasing age, decrease
age, increase BMR – increase age, decrease
BMR. WHY? Lowering muscle tone from
lessened activity.

•Body composition - a large proportion of

inactive adipose tissue lowers the BMR.
Athletes with greater muscular development
increases BMR than non-athletic individuals.
•Activity - increased muscular activity increase
BMR. Greater energy expenditure requires
more calories.
•State of nutrition - a decrease in mass of
active tissue like in malnutrition,
undernourished or starvation causes decrease
BMR. Illness increases energy requirements
because of increased metabolic rate.
•Sleep - Less energy required during sleep,
metabolic rate drops due to muscular relaxation
and decreased activity of the sympathetic
nervous system.
Therefore, dinner is ideally the lightest meal.
•Endocrine glands - the secretion of the
endocrine glands are the principal regulators
of the metabolic rate. Therefore, male sex
hormones increase about 10-15% the BMR
and the female sex hormone a little less.
•Fever - increases the BMR about 7% for
each degree rise in the body temperature
above 98.6F.
• Climate - cold climate causes higher BMR
so people need more calories due to
increased thyroxine level in people who live in
cold climate
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (PA) – calorie requirements
depend upon the type and amount of exercise or work
engaged into. The more vigorous the physical work,
the greater the calorie cost.

Food and Fluid Intake Regulating Mechanisms

(Hypothalamus)
•Thirst – triggered by loss of body fluid of more than
2%
•Hunger – triggered by low blood glucose level
•normal blood glucose level (70-110 mg/dl)
•DM: more than 140 mg/dl for 2 consecutive readings
•Appetite – triggered by sight, smell and thought of
food