Operating

System
LECTURE-1

Assistant Professor, Department of CSE(AI)

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Outline
 Introduction
 Architecture of OS
 Functions of OS
 Objectives of OS
 Types of OS
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Introduction
 Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and the hardware.
 It provides an environment to the user so that, the user can perform its task in
convenient and efficient way.

 Some popular Operating Systems include Linux Operating System, Windows Operating System,
Unix, MacOS, VMS, OS/400, AIX, z/OS, Android etc.
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Architecture
 We can draw a generic architecture diagram of an Operating System which is
as follows:
Functions of the Operating System
 Resource Management: The operating system manages and allocates memory, CPU time, and
other hardware resources among the various programs and processes running on the computer.
 Process Management: The operating system is responsible for starting, stopping, and managing
processes and programs. It also controls the scheduling of processes and allocates resources to
them.
 Memory Management: The operating system manages the computer’s primary memory and
provides mechanisms for optimizing memory usage.
 File Management: The operating system is responsible for organizing and managing the file
system, including the creation, deletion, and manipulation of files and directories.
 Device Management: The operating system manages input/output devices such as printers,
keyboards, mice, and displays. It provides the necessary drivers and interfaces to enable
communication between the devices and the computer.
 Backup and Recovery: The operating system provides mechanisms for backing up data and
recovering it in case of system failures, errors, or disasters.
 Objectives of Operating Systems
 Convenient to use: One of the objectives is to make the computer system more
convenient to use in an efficient manner.

 User Friendly: To make the computer system more interactive with a more
convenient interface for the users.

 Easy Access: To provide easy access to users for using resources by acting as an
intermediary between the hardware and its users.

 Management of Resources: For managing the resources of a computer in a better

and faster way.

 Controls and Monitoring: By keeping track of who is using which resource, granting
resource requests, and mediating conflicting requests from different programs and
users.
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Types of Operating System

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Batch Operating System

In batch operating system,
 Firstly, user prepares his job using punch cards.
 Then, he submits the job to the computer operator.
 Operator collects the jobs from different users and sort the jobs into batches with similar
needs.
 Then, operator submits the batches to the processor one by one.
 All the jobs of one batch are executed together.
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Advantages of Batch OS
 High throughput: Batch processing operating systems can process a large number of jobs quickly,
allowing for high throughput and fast turnaround times.

 Reduced errors: As batch processing operating systems do not require user intervention, they can
help reduce errors that may occur during manual job processing.

 Simplified job management: Batch processing operating systems simplify job management by
automating job submission, scheduling, and execution.

 Cost-effective: Batch processing operating systems can be cost-effective, as they allow for the
efficient use of resources and can help reduce errors and processing time.

 Scalability: Batch processing operating systems can easily handle a large number of jobs, making
them scalable for large organizations that require high-volume data processing.
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Disadvantages of Batch OS
 Limited functionality: Batch systems are designed for simple tasks, not for more
complex tasks. This can make them difficult to use for certain tasks, such as managing
files or software.

 Security issues: Because batch systems are not typically used for day-to-day tasks, they
may not be as secure as more common operating systems. This can lead to security risks
if the system is used by people who should not have access to it.

 Interruptions Batch systems can be interrupted frequently, which can lead to missed
deadlines or mistakes.

 Inefficiency: Batch systems are often slow and difficult to use, which can lead to
inefficiency in the workplace.
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Multiprogramming Operating System

 An operating system that is
capable of running multiple
programs on a single processor
is known as a
multiprogramming operating
system. If a program has to wait
for an I/O transfer in a
multiprogramming operating
system, other programs utilize
the CPU and other resources.

 One of the major aims of

multiprogramming is to manage
the various resources of the
entire system.
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Advantages of
Multiprogramming OS
 Throughout the system, it increased as the CPU always had one program
to execute.

 Response time can also be reduced.

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Disadvantages of
Multiprogramming OS
Multiprogramming systems provide an environment in which
various systems resources are used efficiently, but they do not
provide any user interaction with the computer system.
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Multitasking OS
Multi tasking operating systems
allow multiple users to perform
multiple tasks at the same
time. The allocation of system
resources such as
input/output devices, CPU and
memory among processes can
be easily managed by multi-
tasking operating system.
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Advantages of Multitasking OS
 This operating system is more suited to supporting multiple
users simultaneously.

 The multitasking operating systems have well-defined

memory management.
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Disadvantages of Multitasking OS
The multiple processors are busier at the same time to complete
any task in a multitasking environment, so the CPU generates more
heat.
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Multiprocessing OS
 In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. There are more than one
processors present in the system which can execute more than one process at
the same time. This will increase the throughput of the system.

 In Multiprocessing, Parallel computing is achieved. More than one processor

present in the system can execute more than one process simultaneously,
which will increase the throughput of the system.
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Multiprocessing OS
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Advantages of Multiprocessing OS
 Reliability- If one processor fails in a multiprocessor system, the
other processors can pick up the slack and continue to function.

 Increased throughput- Throughput is the number of processes

executed at a given time.

 Cost saving.
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Disadvantages of Multiprocessing OS
 Multiprocessing operating systems have a more complex architecture
when compared to a single processor OS.

 It may require a bigger memory as multiple processors share the same

main memory.

 The system crashes if the processor in charge of a particular task fails.

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Real Time Operating System

In Real-Time Systems, each job carries a certain deadline within which
the job is supposed to be completed, otherwise, the huge loss will be
there, or even if the result is produced, it will be completely useless.

The Application of a Real-Time system exists in the case of military

applications, if you want to drop a missile, then the missile is supposed
to be dropped with a certain precision.
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Types of RTOS
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Hard real-time systems

These operating systems guarantee that critical tasks are completed
within a range of time.

For example, a robot is hired to weld a car body. If the robot welds
too early or too late, the car cannot be sold, so it is a hard real-time
system that requires complete car welding by the robot hardly on
time., scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial
control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems,
etc.
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Soft real-time systems

This operating system provides some relaxation in the
time limit.

For example – Multimedia systems, digital audio systems,

etc.
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Firm real-time systems

RTOS of this type have to follow deadlines as well. In spite
of its small impact, missing a deadline can have
unintended consequences, including a reduction in the
quality of the product.

Example: Multimedia applications.

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Advantages of Real-time systems

 Easy to layout, develop and execute real-time
applications under the real-time operating system.

 In a Real-time operating system, the maximum

utilization of devices and systems.
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Disadvantages of Real-time systems

 Real-time operating systems are very costly to develop.

 Real-time operating systems are very complex and can

consume critical CPU cycles.