PREPARATION OF

SOLUTIONS and
BASIC STATISTICS
Outline
• Definition of terms
• SI units
• Conversion unit and calculation
• Concentration vs Dilution
• Expressing Concentration
• Basic Preparation of solution and
Stoichiometric calculation
• Basic Statistics
Definition of terms
• Solution-a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major
component (the solvent)
• Solute-the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.
• Solvent-the liquid in which a solute is dissolved to form a solution.
• Concentration-a solution refers to the amount of solute being dissolved in a specific amount of solvent.
• Dilution-process of “lowering the concentration of a solute in a solution by simply adding more solvent to
the solution, such as water.
• Stoichiometry-The relationship between the weights of reactants and products before, during, and
following chemical reactions.
• Statistics- is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and
presentation of data.
• Mean-is a numeric quantity representing the center of a collection of numbers and is intermediate to the
extreme values of a set of numbers.
• Standard deviation-is a measure of the amount of variation of a random variable expected about its mean.
• Percent Relative standard deviation-relative standard deviation (RSD), is a statistical measure that
expresses the standard deviation as a percentage of the mean.
 SI units
Commonly known as the
metric system, is the
international standard for
measurement.
Conversion
Unit
Sample
• Convert 0.123 g mg
• Computation;
0.123 g x= 123 mg
Sample
• Convert 500 ml L
• Computation;
500 ml x= 0.500 L
 Concentration
vs Dilution
•Concentration
-a solution refers to the amount of
solute being dissolved in a specific
amount of solvent.

•Dilution
-process of “lowering the
concentration of a solute in a
solution by simply adding more
solvent to the solution, such as water.
Dilution Factor
• refers to the ratio that describes how much of the original stock solution remains
in the total solution after dilution.

C1V1=C2V2
• Where

• C1 = initial concentration
• V1 = initial volume
• C2 = final concentration
• V2 = final volume
Dilution Factor
• refers to the ratio that describes how much of the original stock solution
remains in the total solution after dilution.

• M1V1 = M2V2
• Where,
• M1 is the starting solution's molarity
• V1 is the starting solution's volume
• M2 denotes the molarity of the final solution
• V2 denotes the volume of the final solution.
Dilution Factor
• refers to the ratio that describes how much of the original stock
solution remains in the total solution after dilution.

DF=
Where;
• Vf=Final volume
• Vi=Initial volume
Aliquot
A method refers to measuring out a
small amount of a chemical by
dividing up, or diluting, a larger
amount.

Small amount of volume taken from stock

solution then transfer to another flask, to prepare
a diluted solution.
Serial
Dilution
• Serial dilution is the process of
stepwise dilution of a solution with
an associated dilution factor.
• The purpose of a serial dilution is to
estimate the concentration of a
sample, or to obtain the desired
concentration of a reagent, chemical
or compound.
• The short answer is: “It’s an accurate
way of getting very small numbers
from very large numbers.”
 Expressing
concentration
Expressing concentration

Mass Percent Solution

the mass percent is described as the grams of solute per grams of solution, multiplied
by 100 to get the percentage.

Mass percent solution= x 100%

Ex.20g of sodium chloride in 100 gram of solution

Mass percent solution= x 100%= 20% by mass solution

Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
• Calculate 1% of starch (g) in 50 grams of starch solution?
Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
• Calculate 1% of starch (g) in 50 grams of starch solution?

Solution:
If x = g of starch
1% of solution=x100% or =X

X=0.5g
Expressing concentration
Volume percent Solution
is defined as the volume of solute divided by volume of solution multiplied by 100
and the % symbol is applied.

Volume Percent Solution=

Sample:

10ml of ethyl alcohol plus 90 ml of H2O (making approx..100 ml of solution) is a 10% by

Volume solution.
Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
• Determine the volume/volume percent solution made by
combining 25 mL of ethanol with enough water to produce 200
mL of the solution.
Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
• Determine the volume/volume percent solution made by
combining 25 mL of ethanol with enough water to produce 200
mL of the solution.

Volume Percent Solution=____________________

Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
• Determine the volume/volume percent solution made by
combining 25 mL of ethanol with enough water to produce 200
mL of the solution.

Volume Percent Solution= 12.5%

Expressing concentration
Mass-Volume percent Solution
the ratio of the mass of solute that is present in a solution, relative to the volume of
the solution, as a whole.

Mass-Volume Percent Solution=

Sample:1 gram phenolphthalein 100 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol is a 1 w/v % solution.

% of solution=x100

% of solution=
1%
 Expressing concentration
Molarity
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.

Molarity,M=

To calculate molarity:
1.Find the number of moles of solute dissolved in solution,
2.Find the volume of solution in liters, and.
3.Divide moles solute by liters solution.

Sample:Determine the molarity of 3.72 moles of NaBr in 1L of solution.

M== 3.72 M
Expressing in concentration
• Sample Problem
Calculate the molarity of a solution that was prepared by dissolving 14.2
g of (molar mass = 85.0 g/mol) in enough water to make 350 mL of
solution?

M=
Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
Calculate the molarity of a solution that was prepared by dissolving 14.2
g of (molar mass = 85.0 g/mol) in enough water to make 350 mL of
solution?

M=

mole=
Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
What is the molarity of a solution that was prepared by dissolving 14.2
g of (molar mass = 85.0 g/mol) in enough water to make 350 mL of
solution?
Where in ;mole=

M==______________
Expressing concentration
• Sample Problem
What is the molarity of a solution that was prepared by dissolving 14.2
g of (molar mass = 85.0 g/mol) in enough water to make 350 mL of
solution?
Where in ;mole=

M==
0.477 or 0.477 M
of NaNO3
Expressing in concentration
• How many grams of a solid mixture containing strontium chloride would one
need to make 558 mL of a 0.100 M strontium chloride solution, if the solid
mixture contains 58.6% strontium chloride by weight?
Expressing in concentration
• How many grams of a solid mixture containing strontium chloride would one
need to make 558 mL of a 0.100 M strontium chloride solution, if the solid
mixture contains 58.6% strontium chloride by weight?

X=15.1g
Expressing concentration
Chemical Reagent Concentration(Molarity)

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 12.1M

Sulfuric Acid () 18M

Nitric Acid ( 15.7M

Perchloric Acid () 11.7M

Expressing in concentration
Normality
Is defined as the number of grams-equivalent weight of solute per one liter of solution

Normality, N= M x n
n= Number of active species

N=
Expressing concentration
Chemical Reagent Active Species

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 1

Sulfuric Acid () 2

Nitric Acid () 1

Perchloric Acid () 1

Ammonium Hydroxide (OH) 1

Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 1

Expressing concentration
Sample
• What is the Normality of a solution that contains 50g of
H2SO4(MW=98.073) dissolved in 15L?

equiv wt. of =xx= 49.038 g

Expressing concentration
Sample
• What is the Normality of a solution that contains 50g of
H2SO4(MW=98.073) dissolved in 15L?

equiv. wt. of =xx= 49.038 g

50g xx of
Expressing concentration
Sample
• What is the Normality of a solution that contains 50g of
H2SO4(MW=98.073) dissolved in 15L?

M=0.034 M

N=M x n
= 0.034 M x 2= 0.068N
Expressing concentration
Sample
• What is the Normality of a solution that contains 50g of
H2SO4(MW=98.073) dissolved in 15L?

N== 0.068N
Expressing concentration
• Determine the volume needed to prepared 500ml of 0.1N of Sulfuric
Acid (18 M)

=
Expressing concentration
• Determine the volume in mL, needed to prepared 500ml of 0.1N of
Sulfuric Acid (18 M).
N=(M x n)

=
=

= 1.38ml
Expressing in concentration
Parts per million

• how many parts a certain molecule or compound makes up within the

one million parts of the whole solution.

ppm= or x 1x

ppm= 1x
Expressing in concentration
• How many grams needed to prepare a 1L of 1000ppm of stock
solution of Sodium Nitrate.
If X=weight of solute

1000ppm=x (1 x )
x=?
Paki shift solve na lang po
Expressing in concentration
• How many grams needed to prepare a 1L of 1000ppm of stock
solution of Sodium Nitrate.
If X=weight of solute

1000 mg/L =x (1 x )
x=
x=

x = 1g
Preparation of solution
Preparation of solution
Preparation of
solution
Preparation of solution
Preparation of solution
Preparation of solution
Preparation of Volumetric solution
Ammonium Thiocyanate, 0.1 N (7.612 g NH4SCN per 1000 mL) Dissolve about 8 g of
ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) in 1000 mL of water.

Iodine, 0.1 N (12.69 g I per 1000 mL) Dissolve about 14 g of iodine (I) in a solution of 36 g of
potassium iodide (KI) in 100 mL of water, add 3 drops of hydrochloric acid, dilute with water to
1000 mL.

Perchloric Acid, 0.1 N (10.046 g HClO4 per 1000 mL) Mix 8.5 mL of perchloric acid (70%)
with 500 mL of glacial acetic acid and 30 mL of acetic anhydride.
Perchloric Acid, 0.1 N (10.046 g HClO4 per 1000 mL) Mix 8.5 mL of perchloric acid (70%)
with 500 mL of glacial acetic acid and 30 mL of acetic anhydride.

Silver Nitrate, 0.1 N (16.99 g AgNO3 per 1000 mL) Dissolve about 17.5 g of silver nitrate
(AgNO3) in 1000 mL of water.

Sodium Hydroxide, 0.1 N (4.00 g NaOH per 1000 mL) Dissolve about 40 g of sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) in about 1000 mL of carbon dioxide-free water. Shake the mixture
thoroughly and allow it to stand overnight in a stoppered bottle.
Preparation of Volumetric solution
Sodium Hydroxide, 0.5 N, Alcoholic (22.5 g NaOH per 1000 mL) [CAUTION— The
following solution may become very hot. Allow it to cool before adding the aldehyde-free
alcohol.) ] FCC Forum - June 2010 6 Dissolve about 22.5 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in 20
mL of water, and add sufficient aldehyde-free alcohol to make 1000 mL. Allow the solution to
stand in a tightly stoppered bottle for 24 h. Then quickly decant the clear supernatant liquid into
a suitable, tight container.

Sodium Thiosulfate, 0.1 N (15.81 g Na2S2O3 per 1000 mL) Dissolve about 26 g of sodium
thiosulfate (Na2S2O3·5H2O) and 200 mg of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in 1000 mL of
recently boiled and cooled water.

Reference: FCC forum 2010

Basic Statistics
Repeatability vs Reproducibility

Repeatability is a measure of the ability of the method to generate

similar results for multiple preparations of the same sample.

Reproducibility, refers to the consistency of measurements and

refers to the degree of agreement between the results of experiments
conducted by different individuals, at different locations, with
different instruments.
Basic Statistics
Basic Statistics
Mean, x̄
The average of the given numbers and is calculated by dividing the sum of given
numbers by the total number of numbers.

X̄ = (x1 + x2 + x3 +….+xn)/n
Basic Statistics
Mean, x̄

sample: From the given data below, Calculate the Mean

Trial 1 2.00 ml
Trial 2 2.10 ml
Trial 3 2.20 ml

Mean 2.10
Basic Statistics
Standard Deviation, SD
a summary measure of the differences of each observation from the mean.
Basic Statistics
Standard Deviation, SD

sample: From the given data below, Calculate the Standard

deviation

Trial 1 2.00 ml
Trial 2 2.10 ml
Trial 3 2.20 ml

SD 0.10
Basic Statistics
Relative Standard Deviation or coefficient of variation
is the absolute value of the coefficient of variation.
Basic Statistics
Relative Standard Deviation or coefficient of variation

sample: From the given data below, Calculate the Relative Standard deviation

Trial 1 2.0 ml
Trial 2 2.1 ml
Trial 3 2.2 ml

%RSD 4.76%
Problem
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 %CV/ Is it
Mean SD Is it Repeatable? Reproducibility
% % % repeatability Reproducible?

Laboratory 1 2.05 2.00 2.00

Laboratory 2 2.10 2.15 2.10

Problem
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 %CV/ Is it
Mean SD Is it Repeatable? Reproducibilty
% % % repeatability Reproducible?

Laboratory 1 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.02 0.03

Laboratory 2 2.10 2.15 2.10 2.12 0.03

Problem
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 %CV/ Is it
Mean SD Is it Repeatable? Reproducibility
% % % repeatability Reproducible?

Laboratory 1 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.02 0.03 1.43

Laboratory 2 2.10 2.15 2.10 2.12 0.03 1.36

Problem
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 %CV/ Is it
Mean SD Is it Repeatable? Reproducibility
% % % repeatability Reproducible?

Laboratory 1 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.02 0.03 1.43 Yes

Laboratory 2 2.10 2.15 2.10 2.12 0.03 1.36 Yes

Problem
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 %CV/ Is it
Mean SD Is it Repeatable? Reproducibility
% % % repeatability Reproducible?

Laboratory 1 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.02 0.03 1.43 Yes

3.42
Laboratory 2 2.10 2.15 2.10 2.12 0.03 1.36 Yes
Problem
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 %CV/ Is it
Mean SD Is it Repeatable? Reproducibility
% % % repeatability Reproducible?

Laboratory 1 2.05 2.00 2.00 2.02 0.03 1.43 Yes

3.55 No
Laboratory 2 2.10 2.15 2.10 2.12 0.03 1.36 Yes