X_Bio_vision defects

Subject: Biology
Topic: Vision Defects
Grade: X
IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 1 of 29

Myopia
• Nearsightedness, also called myopia is common
name for impaired vision in which a person sees near
objects clearly while distant objects appear blurred.
• In a myopic eye the image of a distant object is

formed in front of the retina and not at the retina
itself.
• Consequently, a nearsighted person cannot focus

clearly on distant objects and they appear blurred.

Causes and Correction of Myopia
Causes:
• The eyeball is elongated
• The lens is too thick and convex (curved)
Correction:
• By using a concave (diverging) lens of a suitable focal length.
• A concave lens reduces the refractive power of the lens and

converges the light rays, causing them to focus the image of the
object on the retina
:Hyperopia
•Farsightedness, also called hypermetropia or

hyperopia
•In this condition , a person sees near objects with
blurred vision, while distant objects appear in sharp
focus.
•The image is formed behind the retina .

Causes of Hyperopia
Causes:
•The eyeball is too short, so that light rays from the nearby
object, say at point N cannot be brought to focus on the
retina to give a distinct image.
•The lens is too thin, flattened and less convex.

Corrections of Hyperopia
• By using a convex (converging) lens of a

suitable focal length .
• The lens increases the refractive power of the
eye. This intensifies ray refraction and results
in formation of the image on the retina.

Presbyopia:
•It is a progressive form of farsightedness that affects
older people.
•The power of accommodation of the eye decreases with
ageing.
•Near objects cannot be seen clearly
•The lens loses flexibility resulting in Presbyopia
•It is corrected by a convex lens.

Astigmatism
•Irregular or uneven curvature of the cornea or lens in
different planes
•A person cannot simultaneously focus on both

horizontal and vertical lines.
•The light rays coming from an object pass through one

plane of the lens and are refracted properly while those in
the other plane do not bend properly.
•It is corrected by using a cylindrical lens in front of the

eye that focuses all the light rays on the retina.
Common Defects of the Eye Cataract
Condition Cataract is a condition in which the lens turns opaque and the
vision is cut down even to total blindness.
Normal Cataract
Eye Eye

Common Defects of the Eye Cataract
Condition Cataract is a condition in which the lens turns opaque and the
vision is cut down even to total blindness.
Correction It can be corrected by surgically removing the lens, and by using

spectacles with highly convex lenses, compensating for the
missing lens.
In a newer technique, a small plastic lens is implanted behind or

in front of the iris.
Removal of Cataract Implantation of new lens

affected lens

Common Defects of the Eye Night-blindness
Condition Night-blindness is a condition in which a person feels difficulty

in seeing in dim light as during the night.
Reason This is due to non-formation of the pigment visual purple of the

rod.
Only rods function in dim light and in the absence of the pigment,
they cannot function.
This is usually due to the deficiency of vitamin A which is required

for the synthesis of the pigment.
Normal Vision Night-blind Vision

Common Defects of the Eye Colour Blindness
Condition Some people by birth cannot discriminate between certain

colours such as the red and green.
Reason This is due to a genetic defect.

The males mostly suffer from this defect, whereas it
rarely occurs in females.

Are You Colour Blind ???
1 2 3 4
Lets try to read the numbers printed in the
three coloured circles.
If we can read these numbers in 1, 2, 3 we are

normal.
Otherwise colourblind, as for

example in circle 4.

Common Defects of the Eye Squint
Condition In this defect, the two eyes somewhat converge leading to what
is called “cross eye”.
An opposite condition appears when they diverge and is called
the “wide eye”.
Both conditions may cause Double vision or Diplopia.
Correction Surgery and suitable exercise can correct these defects.

Stereoscopic (Binocular) Vision
All monkey/apes and particularly humans can perceive depth or the relative
distance of the objects.
This is due to simultaneous focusing of an object in both eyes, and their

image by a kind of “overlapping” in the brain giving the three dimensional
effect.
Also known as Stereoscopic Vision
It is the ability of humans to see the same object/scene
with both eyes simultaneously.
During vision, each eye captures a slightly different image
The brain correlates the two images and interprets them as a
single impression.
•This pairing up of the images by the brain gives
a three-dimensional effect.
•Distance and depth of the objects can be perceived.
•We can see objects with greater accuracy and in
response time

After–images – The Basis of Motion Pictures.
If one looks at a bright object for a moment and then closes the eyes, the
sensation of light persist for a short period.
In the same way, if one looks at a brightly coloured object and then looks at a
dark surface, an image of the object in the same colour will persist.
This is known as persistence image or the

after-image.
It lasts for about one – tenth of a second.
This is the principle on which the technique

of motion pictures is based.

After–images – The Basis of Motion Pictures.
In a movie, pictures are projected on a screen at the rate of about 24 pictures per
second, but we cannot see the individual frames on account of the after-images
in our eyes.
The life-like continuous movement on the screen is an illusion.

Television too is similar, where the scanning beam
of a picture frame of the TV camera moves so
rapidly on the viewing screen on the TV set that
our eyes cannot keep pace with it.

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Subject: Biology

Topic: Vision Defects

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 1 of 29

• In a myopic eye the image of a distant object is

• Consequently, a nearsighted person cannot focus

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 5 of 29

• The lens is too thick and convex (curved)

• A concave lens reduces the refractive power of the lens and

•Farsightedness, also called hypermetropia or

•The image is formed behind the retina .

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 10 of 29

• By using a convex (converging) lens of a

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 11 of 29

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 14 of 29

•A person cannot simultaneously focus on both

•The light rays coming from an object pass through one

•It is corrected by using a cylindrical lens in front of the

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 21 of 29

Correction It can be corrected by surgically removing the lens, and by using

In a newer technique, a small plastic lens is implanted behind or

Removal of Cataract Implantation of new lens

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 22 of 29

Condition Night-blindness is a condition in which a person feels difficulty

Reason This is due to non-formation of the pigment visual purple of the

This is usually due to the deficiency of vitamin A which is required

Normal Vision Night-blind Vision

Condition Some people by birth cannot discriminate between certain

Reason This is due to a genetic defect.

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 24 of 29

If we can read these numbers in 1, 2, 3 we are

Otherwise colourblind, as for

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 25 of 29

Both conditions may cause Double vision or Diplopia.

Correction Surgery and suitable exercise can correct these defects.

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 26 of 29

This is due to simultaneous focusing of an object in both eyes, and their

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 27 of 29

This is known as persistence image or the

It lasts for about one – tenth of a second.

This is the principle on which the technique

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 28 of 29

The life-like continuous movement on the screen is an illusion.

IC/X/1920 Sense Organs 29 of 29

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