Subject: Biology

Topic: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Grade: X

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 What is Cell Division?
It is the process in which cells divide and increase in number
and volume.

Why Do Cells Divide?

• For growth
• Replacement of worn out/injured cells
• For repair
• For reproduction

Types of Cell Division

• Mitosis
• Meiosis

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 When the cell is not dividing…

● The DNA molecules are in extended, uncondensed form =

chromatin

When the cell is preparing for division…

● DNA molecules condense to form chromosomes prior to division.

– each chromosome is a single molecule of DNA

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 Mitosis
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive
cells) in eukaryotic organisms.

A single cell divides into two identical

daughter cells.

Daughter cells have the same number of

chromosomes as the parent cell.

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 Mitosis
Karyokinesis or Nuclear Division in
Animal and Plant cells follows four phases:
1st – Prophase

2nd – Metaphase

3rd – Anaphase

4th – Telophase

Karyokinesis is followed by

Cytokinesis or division of the cytoplasm

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 1. Prophase
(pro- first, phase-
appearance)
- chromosomes condense

- spindle fibers form

(spindle fibers are specialized
microtubules radiating out from
centrioles)

- chromosomes are captured by

spindle

- nuclear membrane and nucleolus Fluoresced eukaryotic cell.

disappear
Chromosomes in blue. Mitotic spindle
apparatus in green.

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 Prophase
chromatin condensing
nucleus
chromosomes
nucleolus

centrioles

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 2. Metaphase
(meta-later)
• each chromosome gets attached
to the spindle fibre
• chromosomes align in one plane along the
equator of the cell

centrioles
chromosomes

spindle fibers

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 3. Anaphase
(ana-away)
• sister chromatids separate
to form two daughter
chromosomes

• spindle fibers attached to

kinetochores shorten and
pull chromatids towards the
poles.

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 4. Telophase
(telo-end)
• spindle fibers disintegrate
•Each chromatid or daughter
chromosome lengthens, becomes
thinner and turns into a network of
chromatin threads
• nuclear membrane forms around
both groups of chromosomes
•The nucleolus reappears
•chromosomes revert to their
extended state

•
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 Cytokinesis – Plant vs. Animal Cell

• Plant cells undergo

cytokinesis by forming a
cell plate between the two
daughter nuclei.

• Animal cells undergo

cytokinesis through the
formation of a cleavage
furrow. A ring of
microtubules contract,
pinching the cell in half.

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 Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

G2 OF INTERPHASE PROPHASE PROMETAPHASE

Centrosomes
Early mitoticAster Fragments
Kinetochore
(with centriole pairs) Chromatin Centromere of nuclear
(duplicated) spindle envelope
Nonkinetochore
microtubules

Nucleolus Nuclear Plasma Chromosome, consisting Kinetochore

envelope membrane of two sister chromatids microtubule

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 Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell

METAPHASE ANAPHASE TELOPHASE AND CYTOKINESIS

Metaphase
plate Cleavage Nucleolus
furrow forming

Nuclear
envelope
Spindle Centrosome at Daughter forming
one spindle pole chromosomes
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 Mitosis in a plant cell

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 Cytokinesis In Animal And Plant Cells

100 µm
Cleavage furrow Vesicles Wall of 1 µm
forming patent cell Cell plate
cell plate New cell wall

Contractile ring of Daughter cells

microfilaments

Daughter cells
(a) Cleavage of an animal cell (SEM) (b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (SEM)

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