Subject: Biology

Topic: Cell Cycle and Cell Division

Grade: X

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 Terms
● Haploid –only one set of unpaired chromosomes
- designated as “n”, the number of chromosomes
in one set
- gametes
● Diploid - two haploid sets of chromosomes
- two of each chromosome
- designated as “2n”
- somatic cells
 Homologous pair of chromosomes – Each chromosome
in the pair are identical to each other. Chromosomes
exist in homologous pairs in diploid (2n) cells.(Exception
sex chromosomes)

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 Meiosis
- A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.

- Reduces the number of chromosomes so that each daughter

cell has half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

- Each daughter cell is haploid.

- Meiosis is important in sexual reproduction.

- It involves combining the genetic information of one parent

with that of the other parent to produce a genetically
distinct individual.

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 Meiosis I and Meiosis II
• Meiosis takes place in two sets of divisions
– Meiosis I reduces the number of chromosomes from
diploid to haploid
– Meiosis II produces four haploid daughter cells

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 Meiosis Phases
• Meiosis involves the same four phases seen in mitosis
• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase
• They are repeated during both meiosis I and meiosis
II.
• The period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II is
called interkinesis.

• No replication of DNA occurs during interkinesis

because the DNA is already duplicated.

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 Crossing Over
• Homologues break at identical
locations, then rejoin opposite
partners.

• This creates new combinations of the

genes on each chromosome.

• Occurs randomly several times on

every chromosome.

• Results in mixing of the genes you

inherited from your parents.

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 Mitosis & Meiosis

• Both are forms of nuclear division

• Both involve replication
• Both involve disappearance of the
nucleus, and nucleolus, nuclear
membrane
• Both involve formation of spindle
fibers
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 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis
• Meiosis produces daughter cells that have 1/2 the number of
chromosomes as the parent.

• The number of chromosomes in Meiosis are reduced from 2n to 1n.

• Daughter cells produced by meiosis are not genetically identical to

one another.

• In meiosis cell division takes place twice but replication of the

chromosome occurs only once.

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