Mass Transfer-II

BCHE302L
A1 SLOT
 Equilibrium Staged Operations
Course Outcome
1.Determine the number of equilibrium stages required for various
equilibrium staged operations.
2. Estimate the number of transfer units and height requirements
for continuous contact equilibrium staged operations.
3. Explain different column/equipment used for various separation
applications.
4. Solve equilibrium staged operations using simulation software’s
such as Aspen Plus and MATLAB.
5. Describe modern separation techniques applied in industries for
high purity products..
Ground Rules:
• Be punctual to the class.
• Maintain attendance at any point of the time for the subject
• Avoid cell phone while the classes is on
• Maintain proper class notes (Tutorials )
• Have, calculators, pen, pencils etc… to the class for working out the numerical
• Work out all the numerical discussed in the class, numerical given in tutorials
and numerical given as practice questions
• Avoid taking leaves especially during QUIZ and CAT. Retest may not be
conducted
• Pay utmost concentration during the classes.
• Maintain class discipline and follow student ethics
Assessment:
Internal Assessment (60 marks) External Assessment (40 marks)
• CAT I 15 marks • Term end exam 100 marks

• CAT II 15 marks

• QUIZ I 10 marks

• QUIZ II 10 marks

• DA-1 10 marks

• Class Notes ??? marks

Syllabus

Syllabus-MT-II

Model QP
Faculty Information

Dr.G.S.NIRMALA
Professor

Email: gsnirmala@vit.ac.in
• Text Book:Treybal, R. E., “ Mass-Transfer
Operations”, 3rd Eddition, McGraw-Hill (1981)
• 2. Dutta, B.K., “Principles of Mass transfer and
Separation Processes”. Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi (2007).
• Reference:
• Christie J, Geankoplis, Transport processes and
Unit Operations, IV Edition, Prentice Hall India
Pvt.Ltd, 2003
 J component &Lab
• Group
• Title
• Time frame
 Introduction
• Distillation is the technique of preferential
separation of more volatile component from the
less volatile ones in the feed solution by partial
vaporization of the feed followed by condensation
• The vapour produced is rich in more volatile
components
• The distribution of components in two phase is
governed by the VLE relationship
• Multistage required for higher degree of separation
Important parts of distillation column

More volatile components

move from L-V and less
volatile in reverse directionV-L.
As a result concentrations of
the more volatile increases in
the vapour as it goes up and
the concen of less volatile
increase in the liq phase as it
flowsdown the column
• Distillation is invented in Alexandria in the first
century AD for the production of alcoholic
beverages
• Refinery –crude petroleum
• Petrochemical-Ethylene oxide and water
-styrene/ethyl benzene
-benzene/ethylbenzene
Fermentation/distillery-
Ethanol/water
 VLE
• Separation of mixture by distillation is based on
eqm distribution of the components between liquid
and the vapour phases
• A knowledge of VLE is essential for understanding
the principles of distillation
• Consider an aqueous solution of ethanol in a closed
vessel
• Under a given set of conditions ,the eqm vapour
composition is related to the liquid composition-
VLE
• Gibbs phase rule F=C-P+2
• Total no of parameters and variables is 4 (T,P,y,x)---
F=2 (two of these quantities to be fixed to define the
system in equilibrium)
• If T,P are fixed, the liquid and vap composition will
be automatically fixed
• ie. There can be only one set of liquid and vapour
compositions for which the total pressure exerted in
the vapour space is equal to the given pressure at
the given temperature
• Accurate VLE data are
essential for reliable
design of a distillation
column
• Multicomponent-a
predictive
method(UNIFAC
method)
Constant pressure-VLE
VLE-at increased pressure

Pressure increases
the bubble and
dewpoint curve
decreases and
separability by
distillation is less at
high P, as α
decreases
Constant temperature equilibrium
 Raoults law
• VLE of ideal solutions
• For an ideal solution eqm partial pressure Of a constituent at a
fixed temperature equals the product of its vap pressure p
when pure at this temperature and its mole fraction in the
liquid

If the vap phase is also ideal

*

y 
* PA p x
 A
*
PB p 1  x  x
Pt  pB 
Pt Pt 1 y 
*
 B  p A  pB 
Pt Pt
 Relative volatility
• The greater the distance b/w the eqm curve and the
diagnol, the greater the difference in liquid and
vapour composition and easier the separation by
distillation.
• One numerical measure of this is separation factor,
relative volatility
• This is the ratio of the concentration ratio of A and B
in one phase to that in other and is a measure of
separability
In an ideal binary solution it can be expressed in
terms of vapour pressure
What happens if α=1??
Vapor-liquid equilibrium curve for non-ideal systems
VLE curves for azeotropic systems: (a) for maximum boiling point,
(b) for minimum boiling point
Ethanol-water system , Carbon-disulfide - acetone (min)
Hydrochloric acid - water , Acetone - chloroform (max)
• Compute the eqm data from the following
data at 760mmHg pressure and calculate the
relative volatility

V.P of 760 830 920 1060 1200 1360

A,
mmHg
V.P of 200 350 420 550 690 760
B,mm
Hg
• Distinguish between Evoporation and
distillation