Mother board

The motherboard serves as a single platform

What Is a Computer Motherboard?
to connect all of the parts of a computer
together. It connects the CPU, memory, hard
drives, optical drives, video card, sound card,
and other ports and expansion cards directly
or via cables. It can be considered as the
backbone of a computer.
mother board
 Description of mother board
Motherboards provide ports
to attach the floppy drive,
hard drive, and optical drives
via ribbon cables.
Motherboard carries fans and
a special port designed for
power supply.
On the left side, motherboards
There is a peripheral card carry a number of ports to
slot in front of the connect the monitor, printer,
motherboard using which mouse, keyboard, speaker, and
network cables. Motherboards
video cards, sound cards, also provide USB ports, which
and other expansion allow compatible devices to be
cards can be connected to connected in plug-in/plug-out
the motherboard. fashion. For example, pen drive,
digital cameras, etc.
 Processor
• A processor is an integrated electronic circuit
that performs the calculations that run a
computer. A processor performs arithmetical,
logical, input/output (I/O) and other basic
instructions that are passed from an operating
system (OS). Most other processes are
dependent on the operations of a processor.
Processor
 ALU
• ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
• ALU stands for Arithmetic Logic Unit. It is a
combinational digital circuit which does arithmetic
and bitwise operations on integer binary numbers.
It is one of the main components of the
computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) that is
designed to perform arithmetic and logical tasks.
ALU
 CONTROL UNIT
• Control unit, subcomponent of a central
processing unit (CPU) that manages a
computer’s operations. The control unit
fetches instructions from the CPU’s memory,
represented in bits, and translates those
instructions into control signals in the form of
pulses of electricity or light. The signals are
commands, which are followed by other parts
of the computer.
 Types of control unit
• There are two types of control units:
hardwired and micro programmed.
• A hardwired control unit translates the
instructions it receives from the CPU’s
memory into control signals via logic circuits.
An instruction from the computer’s main
memory is sent to the instruction register,
which identifies its operation code (“opcode”);
the opcode is written in assembly language .
 Machine cycle
• Machine cycle refers to a sequence of steps that
a computer's central processing unit (CPU) goes
through in order to execute a single machine
language instruction.
• There are four steps
• Fetch
• Decode
• Execute
• Store
 Steps
• Fetch. The CPU must fetch the instructions from the
memory location indicated by the program counter, a
register that keeps track of the memory address of the
next instruction to be executed.
• Decode. The CPU decodes the instructions to determine
what operation needs to be performed and what data is
required.
• Execute. Instructions are executed with results stored in
memory or in a register.
• Store. The CPU stores any results or changes to memory
that were made during the execution of the instruction.
 Comparison of pc processors
•
The processing speed of a CPU depends on several factors, such
as the number of cores, the clock frequency, the cache size, and
the architecture. Generally speaking, i5 and i7 CPUs have more
cores, higher frequencies, and larger caches than i3 CPUs, which
gives them an advantage in performance. However, there may be
some cases where an i3 CPU can outperform an i5 or i7 CPU,
depending on the specific model and the workload.

• Is it possible that a new generation i5 cpu is more powerful

than an old generation i7 cpu? Intel releases new generations of
CPUs every year or so, which usually bring improvements in
performance, efficiency, and features
 Comparison of pc processor
• . A new generation i5 CPU may have a newer architecture, a
higher frequency, or more cores than an old generation i7
CPU, which can make it more powerful in some scenarios.

• • Why is it that despite the fact that processors are

becoming more powerful over the generations of CPUs, the
same designation of i3, i5, i7 remains in place?

Intel uses these names to help consumers choose the right

CPU for their needs and budget, based on the general rule
that i3 is for basic tasks, i5 is for mainstream tasks, and i7 is
for high-end tasks
 memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information
is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed.
BIT AND BYTE
• A bit (binary digit) is the smallest unit of data that a computer
can process and store. A bit is always in one of two physical
states, similar to an on/off light switch. The state is
represented by a single binary value, usually a 0 or 1.
However, the state might also be represented by yes/no,
on/off or true/false. Bits are stored in memory through the
use of capacitors that hold electrical charges. The charge
determines the state of each bit, which, in turn, determines
the bit's value.
 BIT AND BYTE
• Although a computer might be able to test and
manipulate data at the bit level, most systems process
and store data in bytes. A byte is a sequence of eight
bits that are treated as a single unit. References to a
computer's memory and storage are always in terms of
bytes. For example, a storage device might be able to
store 1 terabyte (TB) of data, which is equal to
1,000,000 megabytes (MB). To bring this into
perspective, 1 MB equals 1 million bytes, or 8 million
bits. That means a 1 TB drive can store 8 trillion bits of
data
 RAM AND ROM
• Random Access Memory (RAM) is a type of computer
memory that is used to temporarily store data that the
computer is currently using or processing. RAM is
volatile memory, which means that the data stored in it
is lost when the power is turned off.
• Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of computer
memory that is used to permanently store data that
does not need to be modified. ROM is non-volatile
memory, which means that the data stored in it is
retained even when the power is turned off
• Primary memory (RAM and ROM)
• Secondary memory (Hard Drive, CD, etc).
 ROM TYPES
• PROM (Programmable read-only memory): It can be
programmed by the user. Once programmed, the data
and instructions in it cannot be changed.
• 2. EPROM (Erasable Programmable read-only
memory): It can be reprogrammed. To erase data from
it, expose it to ultraviolet light. To reprogram it, erase all
the previous data.
• 3. EEPROM (Electrically erasable programmable read-
only memory): The data can be erased by applying an
electric field, with no need for ultraviolet light. We can
erase only portions of the chip.
 CACHE MEMORY
• What is cache memory?
• Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data
from the computer's memory more efficient.
• It acts as a temporary storage area that the computer's processor can retrieve data
from easily. This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more readily available
to the processor than the computer's main memory source, typically some form of
dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
• Cache memory is sometimes called CPU (central processing unit) memory because
it is typically integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that
has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU. Therefore, it is more accessible to the
processor, and able to increase efficiency, because it's physically close to the
processor.
• In order to be close to the processor, cache memory needs to be much smaller than
main memory. Consequently, it has less storage space. It is also more expensive
than main memory, as it is a more complex chip that yields higher performance.