Course Details:

Course Name: Anatomy-I

Course Code: BMS02101
Credit hours: 4(3-1)
 Instructor:
Dr. Arooj Hanif, PT
UIPT,UOL
 Topic of Lecture:
 TENDON, APONEUROSIS, FASCIAE,
SYNOVIAL BURSA
 Learning Objectives:
 Students would be able to learn:
 Definitions of Tendon, fascia, aponeurosis,
Synovial bursa.
 Properties of tendon.
 Additional factors important in tendon injury.
 Types of Fascia.
 Superficial & Deep fascia.
 TENDON

 A flexible but inelastic cord of strong

fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to
a bone.
 Tendon is capable of resisting high tensile
forces while transmitting forces from
muscle to bone.
 Roles of Tendons
• Attach muscle to bone and are able to
endure tension.Transmit tensile loads .

• Position of muscle relative to joint.

• Store and releases energy making movement

more efficient.
 Properties of tendon

 can sustain high tensile loads.

 Have strong viscoelastic structure.

 flexible to allow changes in direction of
muscle pull.
 Sufficiently flexible to angulate around bone
surfaces.
 Additional Factors Important
in Tendon Injury
 Amount of force produced by muscle that
will play an important role in tendon injury.
 Stress comparison between tendon and
muscles. It is the very important factor in
tendon injury.
 Loading Rates. These are all the additional
factors important in tendon injury.
 APONEUROSIS

• A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that

takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles
having a wide area of attachment
• Primary function is to join muscles and to
body parts they act upon , whether it be a
bone or other muscle.
  The abdominal aponeurosis is the long
muscle present in stomach area, from
bottom of chest to the top of pubic area.
 This is one type of aponeurosis that act as
Fascia , fibrous tissue that envelops muscle
Or organs and is also called Rectal Sheath.
• The muscles of abdomen are called the
rectus abdominus muscles that are the
paired muscle running vertically on the
anterior wall of human abdomen.
• Aponeurosis: are thin tissues, and the
abdominal aponeurosis is a
great example.
 Fasciae
• A fascia ( from Latin: "band") is a band
or sheet of connective tissue, primarily
collagen, beneath the skin that attaches,
stabilizes, encloses, and separates
muscles and other internal organs.
There are the 3 main types of fascia.
 There are three main types of fascia:

•Superficial Fascia: Thin layer of loose

connective tissues underlying the dermis
and binding it to the parts beneath – called
also hypodermis.
•Store fats , water and act as protective
padding for insulation and cushion.
•Deep Fascia: It is a layer of dense
connective tissue which is mostly
associated with the muscles, bones, nerves
and blood vessels.
•Visceral (or Sub serous) Fascia:Suspend
the Organs with there cavities and wrap
them in layers of connective tissue
membranes.
• A Synovial bursa is a small fluid-filled sac

lined by synovial membrane with an inner

capillary layer of viscous synovial fluid (similar

in consistency to that of a raw egg white). Bursa

are found around the major joints of the body.

• It provides a cushion between bones and

tendons and/or muscles around a joint.

• These reduce frictions between the bones

and allow free movement.

• Three Types of Bursae:
Most of the bursae in the body are
synovial: thin-walled sacs interposed
between bones, muscles, and tendons.
• In human majority of bursars are located
near the large joints of arms and legs.
• The lining of a bursa contains a capillary
layer of synovial fluid, which provides
two lubricated surfaces that enable
freedom of movement.
• But when there is injury in the bursa ,
fluid, such as blood filled in it and cause
irritation
 Video links
https://youtu.be/VPeenlQdIhU
https://youtu.be/Oh65GrhMUuc

https://youtu.be/61s2K7_fyLI
 MCQ’S QUESTIONS
1. How many types of bursae :
(a) Three
(b) Two
(c) Four
2. ---------is a band or sheet of connective tissue, primarily collagen, beneath the
skin:
(a) Bursae
(b) Fascia
(c) Both
3. Most of the bursae in the body are:
(a) Synovial
(b) Fibrous
(c) Cartilaginous
4. The abdominal aponeurosis encloses the long muscles located in the which
area:
(a) Pelvic area
(b) Stomach area
(c) Abdominal area
5. Tendon Can Sustain :
(a) High tensile load
(b) Low tensile load
(c) Both
SEQ’s
Question:
Write a note on Synovial bursae?
 MCQ’s Answer’s Key
1st (b)
2nd (b)
3rd (a)
4th (b)
5th (b)
  Learning Outcomes:
• Every student would be able to share his/her concepts to all class .

• Every student would be able to describe the definitions of tendon,

aponeurosis, fascia, synovial bursa.
• Every student will be analyze and synthesis their knowledge and
skills to create effective anatomy teaching and learning tools.
 References:
A Textbook of (Atlas of Human
Anatomy) 5th Edition by Frank H.
Netter, MD.
Textbook of (Clinical Anatomy by
Regions 9th Edition) Richard Snell,
MD, PhD.

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