Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Grounding
Grounding
Part 1
The objective of a grounding system are:
1. To provide safety to personnel during normal and fault
conditions by limiting step and touch potential.
2. To assure correct operation of electrical/electronic
devices.
3. To prevent damage to electrical/electronic apparatus.
4. To dissipate lightning strokes.
5. To stabilize voltage during transient conditions and to
minimize the probability of flashover during transients.
6. To divert stray RF energy from sensitive audio, video,
control, and computer equipment.
A safe grounding design has two objectives:
1. To provide means to carry electric currents
into the earth under normal and fault
conditions without exceeding any operating
and equipment limits or adversely affecting
continuity of service.
•EATRH
•Earth electrode
•Earthing conductor
•Earthing system
Cable(Earthing conductor)
Clamp
Test link
Rod(Earthing electrode)
Rod coupler
Classification of low voltage systems
•TN system
•TT system
•IT system
TN systems
Consumer terminal load
source
N&E
TN-C
source
N
E
TN-S
TT system
Consumer terminal load
source
N
E
IT system
Consumer terminal load
source
N
High impedance E
Factors involved in effective earthing
•Soil resistivity
•Rod
Low voltage 5
Medium 2.5
voltage
High voltage 0.5
Substation earthing system
•Grounding grids
Step and touch voltages
Step potential
“Step potential” is the voltage
between the feet of a person standing
near an energized grounded object.
It is equal to the difference in voltage,
given by the voltage distribution curve,
between two points at different
distances from the “electrode.”
A person could be at risk of injury
during a fault simply by standing near
the grounding point.
Touch potential
“Touch potential” is the voltage between
the energized object and the feet of a
person in contact with the object.
It is equal to the difference in voltage
between the energized object and a point
some distance away.
The touch potential could be nearly the
full voltage across the grounded object if
that object is grounded at a point remote
from the place where the person is in
contact with it.
Driven rods
Resistance of driven rods:
The Ground Resistance (R) of a single rod, of diameter (d) an
driven length (i) driven vertically into the soil of resistivity (ρ), can
be calculated as follows:
8l
R ln 1
2l d
where: ρ Soil Resistivity in m
l Buried Length of the electrode in m
d Diameter of the electrode in m
The rod is assumed as carrying current uniformly along its rod.
Examples
(a) 20mm rod of 3m length and Soil resistivity 50 Ω-m .....R=16.1 Ω
(b) 25mm rod of 2m length and Soil resistivity 30 Ω-m .....R=13.0 Ω
Earth resistance shells surrounding a
vertical earth electrode
The resistance of a single rod is not sufficiently
low.
A number of rods are connected in parallel.
They should be driven far apart as possible to
minimize the overlap among their areas of
influence.
It is necessary to determine the net reduction in
the total resistance by connecting rods in
parallel.
The rod is replaced by a hemispherical
electrode having the same resistance.
Rod Electrodes in Parallel
Equivalent
hemisphere
Earth clamping 1
AT-090H AT-090H
Earth clamping 2
Bare copper tape Tinned copper tape PVC covered copper tape
Round cable PVC covered stranded copper cable PVC covered round cable
AT-010H AT-011K AT-012K
Bonding bars
Extremely conductive
Easy installation
Permanent
Conductive Cement
Concrete has a resistivity range of 30 to 90 Ohm-
meters.
Since it is hygroscopic by nature it will tend to absorb
moisture when available and keep it up to 30 days,
thus maintaining a resistivity lower than the
surrounding soil.
However, during a long dry season concrete will dry
out with a subsequent rise in resistivity.
Also, if a substantial amount of fault or lightning
current is injected into a concrete encased electrode,
the moisture in the concrete may become steam,
dramatically increasing in volume and placing a
substantial stress on the concrete.
Installing an EARTHLINK 101 earthling strip is
simple: