Mechanics Presentation

Presented to: Dr. Fauzia Iqbal

Presented by: Sobia Yasin, Ibrar khan,
Iqra ashraf, Ayesha muqaddas, Fatima jamil

Topic: Rocket
 content
 Introduction to rocket
 History of rocketry
 Types of rocket
 Working of rocket
 Rocket propulsion system
 Basic principles in rocket
 Space agencies and their rockets
 Uses of rocket
 Impact of rocket on space exploration
Introduction to rocket
Rocket is a space vehicle
Used to transport missile, satellite etc
History of rocket
The earliest recorded use of rockets was in ancient China where it was
used for military and ceremonial purposes. In the 1920s, Robert
Goddard in the US and Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Russia developed
theories of rocket propulsion. Goddard launched the world's first liquid
fueled rocket in 1926.
 Types of rocket:
Solid Rockets:
These use a solid mixture of fuel
and oxidizer. Once solid fueled
rocket is ignited it burns completely.

Liquid Rockets:
These rockets use separate liquid fuel
and oxidizer that are mixed and burned
in a combustion chamber.
liquid fuel can be regulated to control
thrust.
More versatile than solid rockets because the amount of thrust can be
controlled, but they are less reliable than solid rocket engines.

 water rockets

• Instead of hot gases creating pressure they

use water as main propellant, compressed air
as accelerating force. Pressure from
compressed air builds up inside the rocket,
forcing water out through a nozzle, creating
thrust that propels the rocket into air.
 water rocket
• Action: expelling water
from engine bottle
(water is forced down)
• Reaction: water resisting
against rocket body
(rocket is forced up )
 working of rocket

Principle behind rocket

Newton’s third
law of motion
Isaac newton’s 3 law of motion
rd

For every action there

is an equal and
opposite reaction
 A balloon is simple example
of rocket

Rubber walls compress

the air inside. Air escape
From the small opening
At one end and the balloon
flies.

at one
end d the flies
Action and reaction
A rocket takes off only when it expel gas.
Action: The rocket pushes the
gas out of the engine.
Reaction: The gas pushes
up on the rocket.
Fuel
A rocket carries its own fuel in the form of liquid or solid hydrogen and
oxygen. It can therefore work at greater heights where very little or no air
is present. A typical rocket consumes about 1000 kgof fuel and eject the
burnt gases at speeds of over 4000 mIn fact, more than 80% of launch
mass of a rocket consist of fuel only.
One way to overcome the problem of mass of fuel is to make the rocket
from several rockets linked together. When one rocket has done its job, it
is discarded leaving others to carry space craft further up at ever greater
speed.

Rocket Equation:

V -= ln []
Acceleration of rocket:

The acceleration ‘a’ of rocket is

a=

When the fuel in the rocket is burned and ejected, the mass
M of the rocket decreases and hence the acceleration
increases.
Rocket propulsion system:
Rocket propulsion systems are the engines that generate the thrust
needed to propel rockets in space. Here are a few types:

Chemical Rockets: The most common type, they burn fuel and
oxidizer to produce thrust.
Example : solid rocket motor
liquid rocket engines
Electric Propulsion: This includes ion engines that use electric power
to ionize a propellant (like xenon) and accelerate the ions to produce
thrust. They're efficient but have low thrust.

Nuclear Thermal Rockets: These use a nuclear reactor to heat a

propellant like hydrogen, which is then expelled through nozzle to
create thrust.
 Nuclear reactor

They offer high efficiency but come with technical and safety
challenges.
 Basic physics principles in rocket

1. Conservation of Momentum:

The total momentum of a system

remains constant unless acted
Upon by an external force.

2. Aerodynamics:

Rockets need to be streamlined to minimize air resistance,

allowing them to efficiently traverse the Earth's atmosphere .
3. Thermodynamics:

Thermodynamic in rocket is applied to optimize combustion, select

propellants, design efficient engines, manage high temperatures, and
analyze overall performance, ensuring effective conversion of
chemical energy into thrust.

4. Gravity and Escape Velocity:

Rockets must reach a certain speed

known as escape velocity to break
free from Earth's gravitational pull.
Space agencies and their rockets:
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration):

Rockets: NASA uses various rockets,

notably the Space Launch System (SLS),
Falcon 9 (through contracts with Space X),
and previously the Space Shuttle fleet.
 Space X:
Rockets: Falcon 1, Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, and the under-
development starship are some of the space x’s main rockets.

Elon musk founder of space X

 Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency):

Rockets: Soyuz, Proton,

and newer Angara rockets
are among the notable ones.

Yuri Gagarin
 European Space Agency (ESA): Ariane 6

Rockets: Ariane series (Ariane 5, Ariane 6),

Vega, and the upcoming Space rider are
the ESA's key rockets.

 CNSA (china national space administration)

Rockets: Long March series are the backbone

of China's space program.
 Rocket Engines: These are responsible for producing thrust to
lift the rocket off the ground and propel it into space.

 Stages: Multistage rockets have

sections called stages, which are
discarded as they burn out during
the flight
 Uses of rocket
• Military
• Science and research
• Satellite launching or
space flight
Impact of Rocket on space exploration:

• Access to Space
• Scientific Discoveries
• Technological Advancements
• International Collaboration
• Economic and Commercial Opportunities
• Inspiration and Education
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