BY,

SUSMITHA RANI KADARI

 IC A L
C R I T
K I N G
T H I N
Do You Agree With This Statement?

“Some people study all their life

and at their death they have
learned everything except to
THINK”
THINK
– Francois Domergue

Why?
HOW TO THINK!
What is Thinking?

Why doesn’t SHE like me?

Why doesn’t HE like me?

As you start asking questions and seek answers, you are in fact thinking.
What is Thinking?

Thinking is a purposeful, organized

cognitive process that we use to
make sense of our world.
There are really many views on thinking.

For you, who are looking for ways to motivate

students to think…
Thinking is the act of withholding judgment
in order to use…

new information,
knowledge experience concepts or
conclusions.
What is Critical Thinking?
WARNING: THIS MAN IS NOT THINKING CRITICALLY!!

Critical Thinking:Capable of using the mind to reason or reflect

Define Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and

skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or
evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation,
experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication as guide to belief
and action.
National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking

Critical thinking in nursing practice is a discipline specific, reflective

reasoning process that guides a nurse in generating, implementing,
and evaluating approaches for dealing with client care and professional
concerns.

National League for Nursing

What is Critical Thinking?
It is the art of taking charge of the power of your own
mind.
It is about living and learning what empowers you
and your students In practical ways.
It is thinking beyond basic recall of information.
It involves asking questions to establish ideas,
create new ideas, solve problems and make
decisions.
Assists in the transformation of information into
something that can be used to anticipate the future.
It requires choices and responsibility.
An individual who thinks critically…

Is open minded;
Studies the whole situation;
Looks for varied choices;
Uses credible sources;
Takes a position and justifies it; and
Is sensitive to the feelings of others.
Bloom’s Taxonomy
Evaluation

Synthesis
Higher-Level
Thinking
Analysis

Application

Interpretation
Lower-level
Thinking
Knowledge
STAGES OF CRITICAL THINKING:
Critical Thinking Skills

Reasoning

Analyzing CRITICAL Evaluating

THINKING
SKILLS

Decision Making Problem Solving

COMPONENTS OF THE CRITICAL
THINKING:

Perception
Assumption
Emotion
Language
Argument
Fallacy
Logic
PROCESS OF CRITICAL THINKING:
Critical Thinking Standards (CTS)
The most significant critical (intellectual) thinking standards:

Clarity
Accuracy
Precision
Relevance
Depth
Breadth
Logic
Fairness
CTS - Clarity

Could you elaborate further on that point?

Could you express that point in another way?
Could you give me an illustration?
Could you give me an example?

Clarity is the gateway standard

CTS – Accuracy

Is that really true?

How could we check that?
How could we find out if that is true?

This chicken
weighs over
300 pounds.

A statement can be clear but not accurate

CTS – Precision

Could you give more details?

Could you be more specific?

Yao Ming is
TALL!

A statement can be both clear and accurate,

but not precise
CTS – Relevance

How is that connected to the question?

How does that bear on the issue?

I studied hard all

semester, therefore I
should get A+.

A statement can be clear, accurate, and precise,

but not relevant to the question at issue.
CTS – Depth

How does your answer address the complexities

in the question?
How are you taking into account the problems in
the question?
Is that dealing with the most significant factors?

Grave danger
you are in.
Impatient
you are.

A statement can be clear, accurate,

precise, and relevant, but superficial.
CTS – Breadth
Do we need to consider another point of view?
Is there another way to look at this question?
What would this look like from a conservative standpoint?
What would this look like from the point of view of...?

Headache! You got 0 marks for

!! “Participation”, because you
didn’t participate in the
class discussion at all.

A line of reasoning may be clear, accurate,

precise, relevant, and deep, but lack breadth.
CTS – Logic
Does this really make sense?
Does that follow from what you said?
How does that follow?
But before you implied this and now you are saying that;
how can both be true?

Superman sees through anything.

Superman sees through walls.
May the
Superman sees through You. force be
with you.

When the combination of thoughts are

mutually supporting and make sense in combination,
the thinking is "logical.“
CTS – Fairness

Critical thinking demands that our thinking be fair.

Open-minded
Impartial
Free of distorting biases and preconceptions

Difficult to
achieve, but you
must try!

Fair-mindedness is an essential
attribute of a Critical Thinker.
CTS – Good Thinking is…

CLEAR……….....rather
CLEAR than........UNCLEAR
ACCURATE…....rather
ACCURATE than…….INACCURATE
PRECISE……....rather
PRECISE than…….VAGUE
RELEVANT…….rather
RELEVANT than…….IRELEVANT
CONSISTENT….rather
CONSISTENT than……INCONSISTENT
LOGICAL……….rather
LOGICAL than……ILLOGICAL
COMPLETE……rather
COMPLETE than……INCOMPLETE
FAIR…………….rather
FAIR than…....BIASED
Benefits of Critical Thinking
Examples:

Academic Performance
 understand the arguments and beliefs of others
 Critically evaluating those arguments and beliefs
 Develop and defend one's own well-supported arguments and beliefs.

Workplace
 Helps us to reflect and get a deeper understanding of our own and others’ decisions
 Encourage open-mindedness to change
 Aid us in being more analytical in solving problems

Daily life
 Helps us to avoid making foolish personal decisions.
 Promotes an informed and concerned citizenry capable of making good decisions
on important social, political and economic issues.
 Aids in the development of autonomous thinkers capable of examining their
assumptions, dogmas, and prejudices.
Barriers to Critical Thinking

If Critical Thinking is so important, why is it that

uncritical thinking is so common?

Why is that so many people including many

highly educated and intelligent people find
critical thinking so difficult?
Barriers to Critical Thinking

Common Barriers
Lack of relevant background information Distrust of reason
Poor reading skills Stereotyping
Poor listening skills Unwarranted assumptions and stereotypes
Bias Relativistic thinking
Prejudice Scapegoating
Superstition Rationalization
Egocentrism Wishful thinking
Socio-centrism Short-term thinking
Peer pressure Selective perception / attention
Mindless Conformism Selective memory
Mindless non-conformism Overpowering emotions
Provincialism Self-deception
Narrow-mindedness Face-saving
Closed-mindedness Fear of change
Barriers to Critical Thinking
Five Powerful Barriers to Critical Thinking:

Self-centered thinking
I am
probably the
self-interested thinking
Egocentrism self-serving bias
greatest
thinker since
Socrates!
Group-centered thinking
Sociocentrism Group bias
Conformism
Beliefs that are presumed to be true
without adequate evidence or
Unwarranted justification
Assumptions Assumption
Stereotyping

Wishful Believing that something is true because

one wishes it were true.
Thinking
The truth is “just a matter of opinion”
Relativism
Relativistic  Subjectivism
Thinking  Cultural relativism
Characteristics of a Critical Thinker

Are you OPEN MINDED about other people’s view?

Are you HONEST to yourself (or others) when you are wrong?

Do you have the COURAGE and PASSION to take initiative and

confront problems and meet challenges?

Are you AWARE of your own biases and preconceptions?

Do you WELCOME CRITICISM from other people?

Do you have INDEPENDENT opinions and are not afraid to disagree?

 Critical Thinkers
1.7 Characteristics of a Critical Thinker
Have a passionate drive for clarity, precision, accuracy,
relevance, consistency, logicalness, completeness, and
fairness.
Are sensitive to ways in which critical thinking can be
skewed by egocentrism, sociocentrism, wishful thinking,
etc.
Are intellectually honest with themselves, acknowledging
what they don’t know and recognizing their limitations.
Listen open-mindedly to opposing points of view and
welcome criticisms of beliefs and assumptions.
Base their beliefs on facts and evidence rather than on
personal preference or self-interest.
Are aware of the biases and preconceptions that shape
the way they perceive the world.
Think independently and are not afraid to disagree with
group opinion.
Are able to get to the heart of an issue or problem,
without being distracted by details.
Have the intellectual courage to face and assess fairly
ideas that challenge even their most basic beliefs.
Love truth and curious about a wide range of issues.
Have the intellectual perseverance to pursue insights or
truths, despite obstacles or difficulties.
Uncritical Thinkers
Often think in ways that are unclear, imprecise,
inaccurate, etc.
Often fall prey to egocentrism, sociocentrism,
wishful thinking, etc.
Pretend they know more than they do and ignore
their limitations.
Are close-minded and resist criticisms of beliefs and
assumptions.
Often base their beliefs on mere personal
preference or self interest.
Lack awareness of their own biases and
preconceptions.
Tend to engage in ‘group think’, uncritically following
the beliefs and values of the crowd.
Are easily distracted and lack the ability to zero in
on the essence of a problem or issue.
Fear and resist ideas that challenge their basic
beliefs.
Are often relatively indifferent to truth and lack of
curiosity.
Tend to preserve when they encounter intellectual
obstacles or difficulties.
PRACTICAL APPROACH TO
CRITICAL THINKING
How can critical thinking be taught?

1. Recall is the simplest action. You recall facts,

describe objects and events or put them into
sequence.
2. Noting similarities is the action to compare the
likeness of situations, ideas, people, etc.
3. Noting differences is the action to examine what
is different about ideas, events or objects by
contrasting them.
4. Identifying cause and effect is the action to
analyze the reasons, consequences or make
predictions.
How can critical thinking be taught?
5. Forming generalizations is the action of grouping facts or
events into patterns.
6. Substantiation is the action that moves from general to
specific.
7. Evaluation is the action that judges things or events.
Based on the facts gathered, you determine the value of
an idea or concept.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL THINKING IN
NURSING PRACTICE:
Nurses should actively pursue experiences that are
aesthetically pleasing.
Nurses take a unique approach to things.
They love the process of creating.
They are flexible & take risks and learn from their mistakes.
They strive to evaluate their work fairly.
They thrive when they think of assignment guidelines as a
launching point for their imagination.
APPLICATION OF CRITICAL
THINKING IN NURSING PRACTICE:
Dont accept other people’s blueprints.
Be vigilant about what others can’t see.
Differentiate the good from the bad.
Take the plunge before you’re an expert.
Motivate yourself from inside.
Shape environments that will support your creativity.
Actively pursue your creative life.
 "No sensible decision can be made any longer
without taking into account not only the world as
it is, but the world as it will be. . ."
- Isaac Asimov
What is Decision Making?
Decision making is a necessary component of leadership,
power, influence, authority and delegations.(John 1993)
Decision Making calls for systematic process in which a
manager chooses among the alternatives, come to a
conclusion and select an action.(Rebecca Samson)
TYPES OF MANAGERIAL
DECISION MAKING:
There are 4 managerial decisions
Mechanistic
Analytical decision
Judgmental decision
Adaptive decision
DECISION STRATEGIES:

Optimizing
Satisfying
Mixed scanning
Opportunistic
Do nothing
Eliminate critical limiting factor
Maxima
Mini- regret
Precautionary
Evolutionary
Chameleon
Steps In Decision Making Process

Defining and Analysing the

real problem
Developing Alternative
Solutions
Evaluating the Alternative
Solutions
Selecting the best Solution
Implementing the Decision
Follow Up
FACTOR AFFECTING DECISION
MAKING
INTERNAL FACTORS
Decision makers physical and
emotional status
Personal characteristics and
values
Past experience and interest
Knowledge and Attitude
Self awareness and courage
Energy and creativity
Resistance to change
Sensitivity and flexibility
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Cultural environment
Philosophical environment
Social Background
Time
Poor communication
Cooperation
Coordination
TOOLS OF DECISION MAKING:
 Brainstorming – idea generation for decision making.
 Nominal group technique (NGT)- problem outlined,
presentation of solution in written form, discussion over
written solutions, and final decision.
 Delphi technique- decision made on the basis of
questionnaire filled by the respondents.
 Consensus mapping- decision made on the basis of
the report presented by the representative of each
group after
TYPES OF OPERATIONAL
RESEARCH TECHNIQUE:
Linear programming
Queuing theory
Games theory
Programme evaluation and review technique (PERT)
Critical path method (CPM)
Computers in decision making.
THE NURSE LEADER ROLE IN
DECISION MAKING:
The nurse leader has to select the type of decision
appropriately based upon the characteristics of the problem
Accumulate carefully the detailed facts their analysis and
interpretation and to use the
broad concepts of human and physical behaviors to predict
future development.
Take the decision according to the institution and success.
Apply her knowledge and skills while relating the type of
decision
Obtain as well as consider the aspiratory tradition and
attitudes of the agency
Use statistics, work study, operational research and
management survey to select the type of decision.
Create non threatening creative and conducive environment
while taking group decision
Be tactful and viplomatary in taking the decision
Provide positive feed back to her subordinate