Machine Learning

Arthur Samuel, an early American leader in the field of computer gaming and AI, coined the term
“Machine Learning” in 1959 while working at IBM.

Machine learning (ML) is a subdomain of artificial intelligence (AI) that focuses on developing
systems that learn—or improve performance—based on the data they ingest. Artificial intelligence is
a broad word that refers to systems or machines that resemble human intelligence. Machine
learning and AI are frequently discussed together, and the terms are occasionally used
interchangeably, although they do not signify the same thing. A crucial distinction is that, while all
machine learning is AI, not all AI is machine learning.

BY
MS SAIKUMAR
 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING

Develop an intelligent system that perform variety Construct machines that can only accomplish the
of complex jobs. jobs for which they have trained.

The tasks systems machine takes data and learns

It works as a program that does smart work.
from data.

AI has broad variety of applications. ML allows systems to learn new things from data.

AI leads wisdom. ML leads to knowledge.

WHAT IS HUMAN LEARNING
In cognitive science, learning is typically referred to as the process of gaining information
through observation.

And why do we need to learn?

In our daily life, we need to carry out multiple activities. It may be a task as simple as walking down the
street or doing the homework. Or it may be some complex task like deciding the angle in which a rocket
should be launched so that it can have a particular trajectory. To do a task in a proper way, we need to
have prior information on one or more things related to the task. Also, as we keep learning more or in
other words acquiring more information, the efficiency in doing the tasks keep improving.

TYPES OF HUMAN LEARNING

Thinking intuitively, human learning happens in one of the three ways –

(1) either somebody who is an expert in the subject directly teaches us,

(2) we build our own notion indirectly based on what we have learnt from the expert in be
the past, or

(3) we do it ourselves,
 How ML is different from traditional computing:

DATA (INPUT)
Output
Traditional Programing
Program

DATA (INPUT)
Program
Machine Learning
Output

1950-Alan Turning developed the turning test

1957-The first ever Nural Network was designed by Frank Rosenblatt
1959-The term Machine Learning was coined by Arthur Samuel
1960-MIT developed a Natural Language Processing (NLP) program
……
1992-AT&T developed first automated speech recognition
1997-IBM’S Deep Blue beats the world champion at chess.
2002-A software library for machine learning named Torch is first realised
 Machine learning algorithms are computational models that allow computers to
understand patterns and forecast or make judgments based on data without the need for
explicit programming. These algorithms form the foundation of modern artificial
intelligence and are used in a wide range of applications, including image and speech
recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems, fraud detection,
autonomous cars etc.

Types of Machine Learning Algorithms

There are three types of machine learning algorithms.

Supervised Learning
Regression
Classification
Unsupervised Learning
Clustering
Dimensionality Reduction
Reinforcement Learning
 Clustering

Classification Regression Association Analysis

  1. Supervised Learning Algorithm
Supervised learning is a type of machine learning algorithms where we used labeled dataset to train the model
or algorithms. The goal of the algorithm is to learn a mapping from the input data to the output labels, allowing
it to make predictions or classifications on new, unseen data.

Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms:

1. Linear Model 4. Stochastic Gradient Descent

Regression 5. Decision Tree
Classification 6. Ensemble Learning
Regularization 7. Generative Model
8. Time Series Forecasting
2. K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 9. Supervised Dimensionality Reduction Technique
Brute Force Algorithms
K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
Classifier

3. Support Vector Machines

Support Vector Machines
Classifier
Support Vector Machines
Regressor
Different Kernel functions in
  2. Unsupervised Learning Algorithm
Unsupervised Learning is a type of machine learning algorithms where the algorithms are used to find the
patterns, structure or relationship within a dataset using unlabled dataset. It explores the data’s inherent
structure without predefined categories or labels.

Unsupervised Machine Learning Algorithms

1. Clustering 4. Dimensionality Reduction Technique

Centroid-based Methods Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
Distribution-based Methods
Connectivity based methods
Density Based methods

2. Association Rule Mining

Apriori algorithm
FP-Growth (Frequent Pattern-
Growth)

3. Anomaly Detection
Z-Score
Local Outlier Factor (LOF)
Isolation Forest
 3. Reinforcement Learning
Reinforcement Learning is a type of machine learning algorithms where an agent learns to make successive
decisions by interacting with its surroundings. The agent receives the feedback in the form of incentives or
punishments based on its actions. The agent’s purpose is to discover optimal tactics that maximize cumulative
rewards over time through trial and error. Reinforcement learning is frequently employed in scenarios in
which the agent must learn how to navigate an environment, play games, manage robots, or make judgments
in uncertain situations.

Reinforcement Learning Algorithms

1. Model-Based Methods
Markov decision processes (MDPs)
Bellman equation
Value iteration algorithm

2. Model-Free Methods
Value-Based Methods
Policy-based Methods
Actor-Critic Methods