Prevalence of obesity and overweight among female

faculty of schools and colleges in Gilgit City

Reported by: Dr. Zubair Hussain

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 Outline

1. Introduction

2. Objectives

3. Methodology

4. Results

5. Conclusions

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1 Introduction

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 1. Background

Obesity
“Obesity is a condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to such
an extent that have negative impact on health”
(WHO, 2003)

 Obesity measurements
Waist
Circumference

BMI Obesity MUAC

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Prevalence of obesity

 The rate of obesity and overweight among adults populations

ranges from 15 to 60% According to WHO, obesity has become
epidemic in the world
 Among adults 35% were overweight and 11% were obesity
across the world in 2008
 It is estimated that by the year of 2030, about 57% of adults
populations might be overweight or obese
 It would be higher in developing countries than developed
county
(WHO, 2008; Guh et al.,2009; Kelly et al., 2008)

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 Several causes of obesity

Obesity

Fatty foods
Heavy and high
Sedentary
consumption consumption Genetic
Lifestyle
of fried foods of sugary
bevarages

Alzahrani et al. (2020)

Prevalence of female faculty obesity in school and

colleges Gilgit city was unknown
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2 Objectives

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 Objectives

 To explore the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the

female faculty
 To know the relation of diet and physical activity with obesity
and overweight

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3 Methodology

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 Sampling area and data collection

The cross-sectional survey was carried out from September

2021 to December 2021

All participants were female teachers of government school

and colleges in Gilgit city

A total of 107 female teachers aged 25 to 50 years had

participated in our study.
 Inclusion Criteria
 The volunteers who were overweight and obesity
were included in the study

 Exclusion Criteria
 The volunteers who were pregnant

 Other chronic disease were also excluded from the

study
 Study Site

The names of government schools and colleges

included:

 Government girls high school no 1

 Government girls high school no 2

 Amphery girls middle school

 Baseen girls middle school

 Girl’s degree college

 Permissions and Informed Consent

 The written permission from the concerned authority of

school and colleges from Gilgit city was taken to conduct

the research work

 The Informed consent as par Declaration of Helsinki was

taken from the volunteers

 Data Collection Tools

A self-designed questionnaire was used for collection of:

demographic

 Demographics

 Anthropometric

 Family history

 Medical history

 Food Frequency questionnaires

 Pictorial description

1. Data collection via interviewed 2. Anthropometric measurements

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3. MUAC collection 4. Waist Circumference
 Demographics
 Demographic analysis is the study of a population-based on
factors such as age, race, and sex.

 Demographic data refers to socioeconomic information expressed

statistically, including

 Employment

 Education

 Income

 Marriage rates

 Birth
 Anthropometrics

The study of human body measurements especially on a

comparative basis.

 Weight

 Height

 BMI

 MUAC

 Waist circumference
 Height:

 The subject stands erect & bare footed stand with the
wall where the inch tape were fixed

 The head piece is leveled with skull vault & height is

recorded to the nearest 0.5 cm
 BMI (WHO - Classification)

 BMI < 18.5 = Under Weight

 BMI 18.5-24.5 = Healthy weight range

 BMI 25-30 = Overweight (grade 1 obesity)

 BMI >30-40 = Obese (grade 2 obesity)

 BMI >40 = Very obese (morbid or grade 3 obesity)

  Waist circumference

 Waist circumference predicts mortality better than any other

anthropometric measurement.

 It has been proposed that waist measurement alone can be used

to assess obesity, and two levels of risk have been identified

Male Female
Level 1 > 94 cm > 80 cm
Level 2 > 102 cm > 88 cm
 Food Frequency Questionnaire

• Food Frequency Questionnaires (FFQ) are a type of dietary

assessment instrument that attempts to capture an individual’s

usual food consumption by querying the frequency at which the

respondent consumed food items based on a predefined food list.

(Thompson & Subar, 2013).

3 Results

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  Body Mass Index
The BMI results of female teachers showed that 46% were obese I (30-35), 34%
were overweight (25-30), while 10% were normal (18.5-24.9) and 10% were
obese II (35.1-40).
 Mid Upper Arm Circumference

The MUAC results showed that 54% female teachers were higher than
31.1cm while 45% were in the normal range which is 25 to <30.
 Waist Circumference
The results of waist circumference of female teachers were in high level 1
(80-88 cm) and high level 2 (<88 cm), which has a strong relation with
obesity.
 Socioeconomic status vs BMI

Most of the obese and overweight female teacher were from upper middle
income group.
Table 1. Dietary intake food groups of female teachers of school
and colleges
Meat,
Milk and
Food Cereals Fruits Vegetables Seafood Dairy Fats and Fast and
Groups and Oils Junks food
products
Poultry

Mean 7.4336 1.2037 1.4517 2.0836 1.3084 3.1946 8.5953

S.EM .16412 .09919 .06127 .08883 .05476 .06813 .21779

 The table showed the frequency of dietary intake of food groups in

the female schools and colleges.
 The results showed that the serving size of fruits and vegetables
were less compared to standard servings. While the serving size of
fats/oil group and fast/junks food group were too high compared to
the standard servings.
 Table 2. Body compositions of females schools teachers of schools
and colleges
Body Weight Body fat Body water Muscle Bone mass AMR
Composition (kg) (%) (%) mass (%) (Kg) (cal.)

Mean 70.10 36.57 45.50 33.80 6.23 1684.17

S.EM 1.09 0.57 0.45 0.46 0.10 15.68

 The body fat of female teachers in schools and colleges were high,
however the body water and bone mass were decreased as
compared to the standard size.
 Water Intake

The water intake among female teachers were less the recommended
intake per day. However, only 11 teachers out of 107 drank 8 glass per day.
 4. Conclusions

It was concluded that most of the female teachers in schools and

colleges have sedentary life styles with less intake of fruits

and vegetables and higher intake of fast/junks food groups

and fats/oil groups.

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 Acknowledgment

 Firstly, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my supervisor

Dr. Azhar Hussain for his guidance, support and patience during my Bs (Hons)

research.

 I would like to give special thanks to my co-supervisor Dr. Zubair Hussain for

her advice and encouragement during my degree.

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 References
 World Health Organization. “Diet, nutrition, and the prevention of
chronic diseases: Report of a joint WHO/FAO expert consultation.” Vol.
916, World Health Organization, 2003.

 Kelly, Tanika, et al. “Global burden of obesity in 2005 and projections to

2030.” International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 32, No. 9, 2008, pp. 1431-
37.

 Alzahrani, Sami H., et al. “Eating habits among medical students at

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.” International Journal
of General Medicine, Vol. 13, 2020, pp. 77-88.

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Thank you for your attention!

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