SOCIAL

IMAGINATION
B Y: M E I R O N R A J B H A N D A R I
 WHAT IS SOCIAL IMAGINATION?
• introduced by sociologist C. Wright Mills
• the ability to understand the relationship between
personal experiences and broader social structures.
• involves the capacity to view individual circumstances
and issues within the larger context of society
• recognizing the connections between personal troubles
and public issues.

Way of seeing world

from sociological view
 EXAMPLE:
• Regularly having breakfast each morning can be considered a ritual or
tradition
• Choosing to pair breakfast with an 'acceptable' breakfast beverage, e.g.
tea, coffee, or juice, shows that we follow norms and avoid socially
questionable choices, such as alcohol or soda with breakfast
• What we choose to eat for breakfast may show our dedication to good
health
• If we go out for breakfast with a friend or co-worker, it can be seen as an
expression of social bonding or activity as we're likely to also socialize.
A good example of this is a breakfast business meeting.
In simpler terms, Mills asks us to consider our place in the context of wider
society and the world. We shouldn't look at our personal experiences in
isolation but through the lens of society, social issues and structures.

Mills argues that many problems faced by individuals have their roots in
society, and no problem is unique to that individual. It is likely that many
people (thousands or even millions), are facing the same issue.
 ECONOMIST

MILLS CLAIMS THAT POLITICAL

SOCIOLOGISTS SHOULD SCIENTIST
WORK WITH ECONOMISTS, PSYCHOLOGIST
POLITICAL SCIENTISTS, SOCIOLOGIST
PSYCHOLOGISTS, AND
HISTORIANS TO CAPTURE A
MORE ELABORATE PICTURE
OF SOCIETY.

RESEARCHER
HISTORIAN
 COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL
IMAGINATION
• We should see "the inter-connection between our personal experiences and the larger social
forces."
Identify connections between yourself as an individual and between society. How would your
life be if you existed 100 years ago?

2. We should identify behaviors that are properties of and a part of social systems.
This is where we can connect our personal troubles and public issues.

3. We should identify which social forces influence our behavior.

• We may not see them, but we know they affect our behavior. Examples of such social
forces include power, peer pressure, culture, and authority.
 USE OF SOCIAL IMAGINATION
• individuals can grasp the social, historical, and cultural factors
influencing their lives and the lives of others
• recognizing connection between personal experience (biography) and
larger socio-history.
• allows them to understand how societal issues, affect individuals and
communities. (empathy)
• Develop a deeper understanding of social problems and consider
potential solutions.
• Challenging stereotypes and biases
 REFERENCE
• https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/social-studies/
theories-and-methods/sociological-imagination/
• Mills, C. W (1959). The Sociological Imagination. Oxford
University Press.
• https://www.nu.edu/blog/
social capital
B Y: K A L PA N A N E U PA N E
 SOCIAL CAPITAL
• Social capital refers to the resources embedded in social networks and social
relationships.
• It represents the value and benefits that individuals and groups can derive from
their social connections, including trust, cooperation, information, support, and
access to resources.
• It is based on the idea that social ties and connections can be seen as a form of
capital, similar to physical or financial capital, which can be accumulated,
invested, and leveraged to achieve various outcomes.
 TWO PRIMARY FORMS OF
SOCIAL CAPITAL
BONDING SOCIAL CAPITAL
• THIS REFERS TO THE TIES AND
RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN
HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS, SUCH AS
FAMILY, CLOSE FRIENDS, OR
MEMBERS OF A PARTICULAR
COMMUNITY OR ORGANIZATION.
• BONDING SOCIAL CAPITAL
STRENGTHENS SOCIAL COHESION
WITHIN THESE GROUPS AND
FOSTERS A SENSE OF BELONGING,
IDENTITY, AND MUTUAL SUPPORT.
BRIDGING SOCIAL CAPITAL
• REFERS TO CONNECTIONS AND
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DIFFERENT
SOCIAL GROUPS OR DIVERSE
INDIVIDUALS.
• PROMOTES INTERACTIONS AND
COOPERATION ACROSS DIVERSE
BACKGROUNDS, FACILITATING THE
EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION,
RESOURCES, AND OPPORTUNITIES.
• IT HELPS TO BUILD BROADER SOCIAL
NETWORKS AND FOSTERS SOCIAL
INTEGRATION AND INCLUSION.
 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL
CAPITAL
• TRUST AND COOPERATION
• SUPPORT AND WELL- BEING
• SOCIAL INTEGRATION AND
INCLUSION
• COLLECTIVE ACTION AND SOCIAL
CHANGE
SOCIALIZATION
B Y: S A D I K S H YA S I N G H
SOCIALIZATION
• Socialization is the process by which children and
adults learn from others.

• Especially important for infants and children.

• Socialization continues all across the life span, as

long as people continue to learn from social
experiences.
 HOW SOCIALIZATION IS
IMPORTANT?
• Socialization contributes to the development of personality

• Socialization is a process through which the personality of the new born

child is shaped and molded.
• Through the process, the child learns an approved way of social life.
• At the same time, it also provides enough scope for the individual to
develop his individuality.
2. Helps to enact different roles.

• Every individual has to enact different roles in his life.

• Every role is woven around norms and is associated with
different attitudes.
• The process of socialization assists an individual not only to
learn the norms associated with roles but also to develop
appropriate attitudes to enact those roles.
3. Provides the knowledge of skills.

• Socialization skills help the individual to play economic,

professional, educational, religious and political roles in his
latter life.

• In primitive societies for, example, imparting skills to the

younger generation in specific occupations was an important
aspect of socialization.
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
• Primary socialization:
This type of socialization happens
when a child learns the values,
norms and behaviors that should be
displayed in order to
live accordingly to a specific
culture.
 • Secondary socialization:
This is a process by which an individual
learns the basic values, norms and behaviors
that are expected of them outside the main
agency of the family. It is the process of
learning what is the appropriate behavior as a
member of a smaller group within the larger
society.
 • Development socialization:
This type of socialization involves a
learning process wherein the focus in on
developing our social skills.

Example: A shy senior high school student

starts to teach English to new freshmen
students in order to develop verbal
communication.
 • Anticipatory socialization:
This type of socialization refers
to the process wherein a person practices or
rehearses for future
social relationships.

Example: A child anticipates parenthood as

he observes his parents perform their daily
roles.
 • Resocialization:
This type of socialization involves rejecting
previous behavior patterns and accepting new
ones so the
individual can shift from one part of his life
to another.
Resocialization is said to be happening
throughout human life
cycle.
 Ways of Socialization

• Socialization starts with the face and the body language.

• A smile indicates your willingness to know more about the event and the
people attending it.
• It guarantees you a higher probability of winning the interest of people
that you

2. Keep a clean sense of humor.

• If you have the natural knack of making people laugh, then you would
find it easy to socialize.
 3. Be attentive throughout the conversation.
• Showing a sincere interest in what others are saying inspires a fruitful
exchangeof ideas.

4. Maintain an open and positive frame of mind.

• When joining a social activity, you should expect to encounter people of
varied beliefs, nationality, religion, orientation and sensibilities.

5. Respect the distance and personal space of others.

• You may radiate with well- mannered interactive skills, but if others refuse
to reciprocate your enthusiasm, move to another group that seems to be
more welcoming.
REFERENCE
• https://www.slideshare.net/SanaHassanAfridi1/socialization-
59384075
SOCIAL CONTROL
B Y: J A M U N A S U B E D I
 SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY
• Social Control is a concept referring to rules and restrictions that shape, supervise and
regulates the behavior of individual and societies.
• The study of social control aims to understand the functions of various rules and
attitude that we often take them as granted.
• Acceptable behaviors are encouraged, and unacceptable behaviors are discouraged.
• Social control Includes religious texts to enforce moral standards within the society,
law of order enforced by authorities including police officials under the secular law
 EVOLVED THEORIES ON SOCIAL
CONTROL
• Travis Hirschi’s Social Bod Theory:
• The theory was created in 1969 in trying to figure out why people follow
rules, regulations and restrictions of society.
• He used to believe if people do not attach with social bonding building
institutions, the crime cases and deviations increases.
• Social bonding building institutions are family, schools, universities, peers,
groups, govt. authorities (e.g. police and court), prohibiting laws, religious
institutions etc.
 Factors building social bonds:
• Attachment : refers to the sensitivity and interest in others; how we struggles
tie up.

• Commitment: vocational aspiration, educational aspiration, career aspirations

etc

• Involvement: amount of time that we put actively for step up from one state
to another state.

• Belief: acceptance of conventional morality, respect authorities, and value the

systems including religious aspects that should not harm or damage harmony
of the society.
 ATTACHMENT PROHIBITS PEOPLE
FROM CRIMES AND
COMMITMENT STRONG CRIMINAL
BEHAVIORS
INVOLVEMENT

BELIEF

Types of Social Control According to Hirschi theory of social control:

• Internal Social Control: Individual’s own consciousness and his her
decision as right or wrong
• External Social Control: society decides enforcing positive rewards, and
negative sanctions such as criticism, punishments and emposing capital
fines etc.
Criticism
• Over emphasis on Social Bonds
• Neglect Power of Dynamics and struggles
• Lack of Cultural and Contextual Consideration
• Limited Explanation on deviant behaviors of an individual
 2. Differential Association Theory
(Edwin Sutherland developed in the 1930s)
• It is a social learning theory that seeks to explain how an
individual immediate criminal behavior.
• individuals learn criminal behavior through their interactions with
others in their social environment, eg: close relationships such as
family, friends, and peers etc.
• The theory also emphasizes the role of socialization and the
transmission of values, norms, conventional cultural practices,
attitudes, and behaviors from one person to another.
Criticism
• Lack of Operationalization
• Tautological Explanation
• Limited Focus on Individual Characteristics:
• Overlooking Structural Factors
• Imadequate Explanation of White-Collar Crime

The field of criminology is diverse and encompasses multiple

perspectives, and debates surrounding theories like Differential
association cotribute to the ongoing evolution of the field
 3. Howard’s Beckers Labelling Theory:
• This theory focuses on the process through which individuals are
labeled as deviant or criminal by society.
• It argues that the act of labeling someone as deviant or criminal
can lead to the individual adopting that identity and engaging in
further deviant or criminal behavior.
• The theory emphasizes the social construction of deviance and the
significance of social reactions in shaping individuals' behavior.
Criticism
• Ignoring Initial Acts of Deviance
• Limited Focus on Structural Factors
• Downplaying Agency and Free Will
• Overgeneralization and Lack of Individual Variation
• Neglecting Power Dynamics:

The theory has played a significant role in highlighting the social

construction of deviance and the consequences of labeling, but ongoing
debates and refinements continue to shape our understanding of these
processes.
 4. Charles Tittle’s Control Balance Theory:

• It focuses on the dynamics of social control and the balance of

power within social relationships.
• It seeks to explain how individuals engage in deviant or criminal
behavior based on the control they have over others and the control
others have over them.
• individuals strive to maintain a balance between the amount of
control they exert over others (control ratio) and the amount of
control others exert over them (authority ratio).
Criticism
• Lack of Empirical Support:
• Simplistic Explanations:
• Ignoring Structural Factors:
• Limited Scope and Generalizability:
• Neglecting Gender and Intersectionality:
 5. Charles Tittle’s Control Balance Theory:

• This theory offers a unique perspective on power, discipline, and

control in society.
• It focuses on how power operates in various institutions and
practices, shaping individuals and producing social order.
• Key concepts of this theory are: Power-Knowledge, Discipline,
Panopticism, Biopower, Governmentality
Criticism
• Lack of Agency
• Neglecting Economic and Structural
Factors
• Overemphasis on Negative Power
• Essentialist Conceptions of Power
 REFERENCE
• https://helpfulprofessor.com/hirschi-social-control-theory-examples/
• Sutherland, E. H. (1947). Principles of criminology (4th ed.). Lippincott.
• Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance.
Northeastern University Press.
• Becker, H. S. (1963). Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. Free Press
• . Foucault, M. (2009). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-1978.
Picador.
Thank You!
Any
Questions?