Photography

Nomenclature of Parts of Film-Based Camera

Rear View
Types of Camera
1. Viewfinder Camera – Today there is a wide range of compact
cameras with automatic exposure cameras with automatic
exposure controls and fully automatic focusing
2. Single Lens Reflex Camera – The mirror in a single lens reflex
camera (SLR) camera reflects light upward through a pentaprism
to be viewed. The pentaprism turns the image the right way round
for eye to see.
3. Twin Lens Reflex Camera – has a separate viewing and taking lens, one
cover the other. Light entering the top lens is reflected up by a fixed mirror to a
viewing screen.
4. View Camera – light comes directly from the subject through the main lens
and is viewed via focusing screen at the back of the camera. The lens reverses
the image will appear on the film
5. Digital Camera – are becoming more popular and a number of designs are on the
market. As digital cameras use electronics to capture and store the image they are
not restricted to the traditional camera designs incorporating film transport
mechanisms.
Accessories of the Camera
1. Tripod – It is used to stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other
photographic equipment.
2. Cable release – Is an attachment that screws into a shutter release, allowing you to
trip the shutter mechanically while being isolated from the camera to reduce camera
shake or to operate the camera from a distance.
3. Flash Units – it is device in photography producing a flash of artificial light to help
illuminate the scene.
4. Light Meter – also known as expose meter. A light meter is a device used to measure
the amount of light.
5. Extension Tube – Also know as extension ring. Is a deceptively simple looking
apparatus; it is nothing more than a hollow cylinder that is placed between the
camera body and a lens in order to create more distance between the camera sensor
and the lens
6. Filter – are transparent or translucent glass or gelatin elements
that attach to the front of the lens.
Classification of Filters
1. Clear filter – Also known as window glass filter or optical flats are transparent and
ideally perform no filtering of incoming light.
2. UV/ Ultraviolet Filter – are used to block invisible ultraviolet light, to
which most photographic sensors and film are at least slightly sensitive.
3. Color Conversion Filter – are used to compensate for the effects of
lighting not balanced for the film stock’s rated color temperature (usually
3200 K for professional tungsten and 5500 K for daylight): e.g., the 80A
blue filter used with film for daylight use corrects the perceived
orange/reddish cast of incandescent photographic photoflood lighting (for
which the usual photographic term is “tungsten lighting”), and significantly
improves the stronger cast produced by lower-temperature household
incandescent lighting.
4. Color Subtraction Filter - work by absorbing certain colors of
light, letting the remaining color through.
5. Contrast Enhancement Filter – also known as colored filter are
commonly used in black and white photography to alter the effect of
different colors in the scene, changing contrast recorded in black and white
of the different colors.
6. Polarizing Filter – used for both color and black and white
photography, is a colorless and does not affect color balance, but
filters out light with a particular direction of polarization.
7. Neural density Filter – Is a filter of uniform density which
attenuates light of all colors equally.
8. Cross Screen Filter – also known as a star filter creates a star
pattern, in which lines radiate outward from bright objects.
9. Diffusion Filter – also called a softening filter. Soften the
subjects and generates a dreamy haze.
Accessories of the Camera

7. Lens Hood – also known as lens shade

Control on a Camera
1. Focusing control – this is the most important control in camera. Focus is the
means by which the object distance is estimated or calculated to form sharp
or clear images.
2. Shutter speed control – The length of the time that the rays of light will reach
and affect the sensitized material or film can be controlled by shutter speed
control of the camera.
Standards Shutter Speed
1. 1000 – The shutter is open within one over one thousands of second (1/1000). The
admit light inside the camera on the emulsion of film 1x smaller quality to 1/500.
2. 500 – The shutter is open within one over five hundred a second. The admit light
inside the camera on the emulsion of film 2x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
3. 250 - The shutter is open within 1/250 of a second. The admit light inside the
camera on the emulsion of film 4x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
4. 125 - The shutter is open within 1/125 of a second. The admit light inside the
camera on the emulsion of film 8x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
5. 60 - The shutter is open within 1/60 of a second. The admit light inside the camera
on the emulsion of film 16x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
6. 30 - The shutter is open within 1/30 of a second. The admit light inside the camera
on the emulsion of film 32x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
7. 15 - The shutter is open within 1/15 of a second. The admit light inside the camera on the
emulsion of film 64x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
8. 8- The shutter is open within 1/8 of a second. The admit light inside the camera on the
emulsion of film 128x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
9. 4 - The shutter is open within 1/8 of a second. The admit light inside the camera on the
emulsion of film 128x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
10. 2 - The shutter is open within 1/2 of a second. The admit light inside the camera on the
emulsion of film 512x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
11. 1 - The shutter is open within 1 of a second. The admit light inside the camera on the
emulsion of film 1024x bigger quality than to 1/1000.
12. B – Means bulb, keeps the shutter open as long as the shutter release button is held. It admits
light inside the camera reaching on the emulsion of film of a desire length of time until the shutter
release button had been released.
13. T – means Time, keeps the shutter open once the shutter release button is pressed again. It
admits light inside the camera reaching on the emulsion of film of a desire length of time until the
shutter release button had been pressed again.
Control on a Camera
3. Diaphragm Control – is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center.
The role of diaphragm is to stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through
the aperture. This is also called a stop (an aperture stop, if its limits the brightness of light
reaching the focal planes, or a field stops or flare stop for other uses of diaphragms in
lenses).
F- Numbers –Sometimes called focal Ratio, f-ratio, F-stop, or
relative aperture of an optical system is the ratio of the lens focal
length to the diameter of the entrance of pupil.

N =f/D

Where f is the focal length and D is the diameter of the entrance

of pupil (effective aperture).
Standard f- Numbers
• f/22 – The size of aperture here is 1x smaller than f/16 as well as the quality of light
passes in lens.
• f/16 – The size of aperture here is 2x bigger than f/22 as well as the quality of light
passes in lens.
• f/11 - The size of aperture here is 4x bigger than f/22 as the quality of light passes in
lens.
• f/8 - The size of aperture here is 8x bigger than f/22 as the quality of light passes in
lens.
• f/5.6 - The size of aperture here is 16x bigger than f/22 as the quality of light passes in
lens.
• f/4 - The size of aperture here is 32x bigger than f/22 as the quality of light passes in
lens.
Standard f- Numbers
• f/2.8 – The size of aperture here is 64x smaller than f/16 as well as the quality of light
passes in lens.
• f/2 - The size of aperture here is 128x smaller than f/16 as well as the quality of light
passes in lens.
• f/1.4 - The size of aperture here is 256x smaller than f/16 as well as the quality of light
passes in lens.
Long Quiz
1. Also known as lens shade.
2. Is a thin opaque structure with an opening (aperture) at its center. The role of diaphragm
is to stop the passage of light, except for the light passing through the aperture. This is
also called a stop (an aperture stop, if its limits the brightness of light reaching the focal
planes, or a field stops or flare stop for other uses of diaphragms in lenses).
3. It is used to stabilize and elevate a camera, a flash unit, or other photographic
equipment.
4. The shutter is open within one over one thousands of second (1/1000). The admit light
inside the camera on the emulsion of film 1x smaller quality to 1/500.
5. The length of the time that the rays of light will reach and affect the sensitized material
or film can be controlled by shutter speed control of the camera.
6. Also known as a star filter creates a star pattern, in which lines radiate outward from
bright objects.
Nomenclature of Parts of Film-Based Camera