Machine Design – I

Code: ME- 216

Credit Hours: 2

Lecture
Rivets and Riveted joints

Dr. Muhammad Imran

Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Engineering & Technology
Taxila
Fasteners /Joints
 RIVETS
&
RIVETED JOINTS
 RIVETS & RIVETED JOINTS
 Rivet
 Material for rivets
 Essential qualities of Rivet
 Methods of Riveting
 Purpose of Riveting
 Classification of Rivets or Rivet heads
 Classification of Riveted joint
 Terminology of Riveted joint
 Caulking and Fullering operations
 Types of Failure and Strength Equations
 Riveted Joints for Boiler Shell
 RIVET
 Rivets are short cylindrical pieces of ductile metal
having a head, shank and tail
 Used to join two or more pieces of sheet metals
permanently, plates to rolled sections, rolled
section to each other etc…
 Rivets are used for joining of sheets and plates in
bridges, boilers, storage tanks, pressure vessels
and ships etc…
 MATERIAL FOR RIVETS
Rivets made of mild steel are used in most of the
applications

Rivets used in corrosive atmosphere are made of stainless

steel

Rivets used for connecting non ferrous metals and soft

materials are made of copper, brass, bronze and
aluminium alloys

Duralumin rivets are used for structural joints made of

aluminium alloy section
 PROPERTIES OF THE RIVETS

Rivet should be sound, free from cracks,

flaws, burrs, seams, pits and other defects

Rivet head should be concentric with axis of

the shank

Rivet end should be square with respect to

the axis
 RIVETING
 The process of joining two or more plates
by means of rivets is called riveting

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 METHODS OF RIVETING
 During riveting, rivet head is formed from the
tail of the rivet when it is placed in the rivet
holes drilled in the plates to be fastened
 Forming of head may be either by hand tools or
by machines
 In machine riveting, force is applied by means of
hydraulic or pneumatic pressure
 METHODS OF RIVETING

METHODS OF RIVETING
1. HAND RIVETING
2. MACHINE RIVETING

ON THE BASIS OF TEMPERATURE OF SHANK

A. HOT RIVETING
B. COLD RIVETING
 PURPOSE OF RIVETING

For fluid tightness in case of Boilers,

pressure vessels and ships

For strength and rigidity in bridges,

trusses, cranes and machinery

For strength, rigidity, durability and

leakproofness in shiphull
 TYPES OF RIVETS
Following types of rivets are used for different work
(1) Structural rivets (12 to 45mm dia.):
(2) Boiler rivets (12 to 50mm dia.)
(3) Small rivets (2 to 10mm dia.)
(1) Structural rivets (12 to 45mm
dia.): Used for structural work

Snap Head Pan Head Pan Head with Round countersunk Countersunk
Tapered Head
neck Head 1
5
 TYPES OF RIVETS
(2) Boiler rivets (12 to 50mm dia.): Used for boiler
works

Snap Head Pan Head

Ellipsoidal

Pan head 1 Conical Head

 TYPES OF RIVETS
(2) Small rivets (2 to 10mm dia.): Used for general
purposes and are of steel brass or aluminium

Mushroom Head Countersunk Head

Flat Head
1.75d
0.75d

Round Head
 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS
 Depending upon the manner of placing the plates,
riveted joints are classified in to two types
(a) Lap joint and
(b) Butt joint

Lap joint Butt joint 18

 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

 Depending upon no. of rows of rivets in a

joint, riveted joints are divided into two types
(a) Single riveted joint and
(b) Multiple riveted joint
(i) Double riveted
(ii) Triple riveted
(iii) Quadruple riveted etc…

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

SINGLE RIVETED LAP JOINT

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

DOUBLE RIVETED LAP JOINT

 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

SINGLE RIVETED SINGLE STRAP BUTT JOINT

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

SINGLE RIVETED DOUBLE STRAP BUTT JOINT

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

DOUBLE RIVETED DOUBLE STRAP BUTT JOINT

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

 Depending upon arrangement of rivets

in adjacent rows, riveted joints are classified
as;
(a) Chain riveted joint and
(b) Zig-zag riveted joint

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 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

CHAIN RIVETED JOINT

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CHAIN RIVETED JOINT

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ZIG-ZAG RIVETED JOINT

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ZIG-ZAG RIVETED JOINT
LOZENGE RIVETED JOINT
 CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS
 Riveted joints may also be classified as;
(a) Structural joints and
(b) Pressure vessel joints
Angle Joint
CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS

Column and Beam Joint

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CLASSIFICATION OF RIVETED JOINTS
Built up girder
 TERMINOLOGY OF RIVETED JOINTS

 Rivet diameter is represented by ‘d’ and

plate
thickness is represented by ‘t’
 TERMINOLOGY OF RIVETED JOINTS

The thickness of plate (t)

The diameter of the shank (or rivet) (d)
Using Unwin’s formula
d6 t

 Standard diameters of rivets as per B.I.S.

are shown in the table

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 TERMINOLOGY OF RIVETED JOINTS

LENGTH OF THE SHANK

 Gauge line: It is a line through the centers of
a row of rivets and parallel to the edge of the
plate

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 Pitch or longitudinal pitch : (p)
 It is a the distance from the centre of the rivet to
the centre of the next rivet in the same row
measured on the gauge line
 Transverse pitch or back pitch or row pitch (pt)

 It is a the distance between adjacent gauge

lines in the same plate.

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 Diagonal pitch: (pd)
 It is a the distance between the centres of
adjacent rivets on adjacent gauge lines in the
same plate.

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 Margin or Marginal pitch: (m)
 It is the distance from the edge of the plate to
the entre of the nearest rivet hole.
Proportions as per B.I.S.
 CAULKING AND FULLERING OPERATIONS
 To obtain leak proof joints, the edges of the
plates to be joined and the rivet heads are forced
to gether by caulking and fullering operations
CAULKING

Caulking plate

 The outer edges of the plates are bevelled

 These bevelled edges of the plates are caulked
 Caulking is an operation in which the outer bevelled edges
of the plates are hammered and driven-in by a caulking tool
 The caulking tool is in the form of a blunt edged chisel
 CAULKING AND FULLERING OPERATIONS

 Similar to caulking, fullering is also used to produce air tight joints.

 Unlike the caulking tool, the width of the fullering tool is equal to the
width of the bevelled edges of the plates
 TYPES OF FAILURE IN RIVETED JOINT

1 Shear failure of the rivet

2 Tensile failure of the plate between two

consecutive rivets

3 Crushing failure of the plate

4 Tearing of the plate in the margin area

 Failures of a Riveted Joint
A riveted joint may fail in the following ways :
1. Tearing of the plate at an edge. A joint may
fail due to tearing of the plate at an edge as
shown in Fig. This can be avoided by keeping the
margin, m = 1.5d, where d is the diameter of the
rivet hole.
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
2. Tearing of the plate across
a row of rivets. Due to the
tensile stresses in the main
plates, the main plate or
cover plates may tear off
across a row of rivets as
shown in Fig.

In such cases, we consider only one pitch length of the

plate, since every rivet is responsible for that much
length of the plate only.
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
2. Tearing of the plate across a row of rivets.
The resistance offered by the plate against tearing is
known as tearing resistance or tearing strength or
tearing value of the plate.

Let p = Pitch of the rivets,

d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate, and
σt = Permissible tensile stress for the plate material.
We know that tearing area per pitch length,
At = (p – d ) t
Tearing resistance or pull required to tear off the plate
per pitch length, Pt = At.σt = (p – d)t.σt
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
3. Shearing of the rivets. The plates which are
connected by the rivets exert tensile stress on
the rivets, and if the rivets are unable to resist
the stress, they are sheared off as shown in Fig.
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
Let, d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
 = Safe permissible shear stress for the rivet
material, and
n = Number of rivets per pitch length.
We know that shearing area,
As = 4× d2 ...(In single shear)
= 2 ×4  × d2 ...(Theoretically, in double shear)
= 1.875 ×4 × d2 ...(In double shear,
Shearing resistance or pull required to shear off
the rivet per pitch length,
Ps = n × 4 × d2 ×  ...(In single shear)
= n × 2 ×4 × d2 × 
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
4. Crushing of the plate
or rivets. Sometimes,
the rivets do not actually
shear off under the
tensile stress, but are
crushed as shown in Fig.

Due to this, the rivet hole becomes of an oval

shape and hence the joint becomes loose. The
failure of rivets in such a manner is also known as
bearing failure. The area which resists this action
is the projected area of the hole or rivet on
diametral plane.
 Failures of a Riveted Joint
d = Diameter of the rivet hole,
t = Thickness of the plate,
σc = Safe permissible crushing stress
for the rivet or
plate material, and
n = Number of rivets per pitch length
under crushing.
Crushing area per rivet (i.e. projected area per rivet),
Ac = d.t
Total crushing area = n.d.t
and crushing resistance or pull required to crush the rivet
per pitch length,
Pc = n.d.t.σc
When the crushing resistance (Pc) is greater than
the applied load (P) per pitch length, then this type of
failure will occur.
 Strength of a Riveted Joint
The strength of a joint may be defined as the maximum
force, which it can transmit, without causing it to fail.
Pt, Ps and Pc are the pulls required to tear off the plate,
shearing off the rivet and crushing off the rivet.
A little consideration will show that if we go on increasing
the pull on a riveted joint, it will fail when the least of
these three pulls is reached, because a higher value of
the other pulls will never reach since the joint has failed,
either by tearing off the plate, shearing off the rivet or
crushing off the rivet.
If the joint is continuous as in case of boilers, the strength
is calculated per pitch length. But if the joint is small, the
strength is calculated for the whole length of the plate.
 Efficiency of a Riveted Joint
The efficiency of a riveted joint is defined as the ratio of the
strength of riveted joint to the strength of the un-riveted or
solid plate.
We have already discussed that strength of the riveted joint
= Least of Pt, Ps and Pc
Strength of the un-riveted or solid plate per pitch length,
P = p × t × σt

Efficiency of the riveted joint

p = Pitch of the rivets,

t = Thickness of the plate, and
σt = Permissible tensile stress of the plate material.