History of Mathematics

Egypt and Mesopotamia

By: Group 1
 Table of contents

01 02 &
Compare 03
Fundamentals Contrast Contributions
Introduction of Egypt and Similarities and Differences Mathematics of Egypt and
Mesopotamia between Egypt and Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia

04 05
Applications Evidences
Formulated Theories, Possible preserve Artifacts
Formulas, Studies,
Invention and
Applications
Whoa!
 01
Fundamentals
Introduction of Egypt and Mesopotamia
 Overview of Ancient Greeks
Ancient Greek civilization flourished
from the period following Mycenaean
civilization, which ended about 1200
BCE, to the death of Alexander the
Great, in 323 BCE. By that time, Greek
cultural influence had spread around the
Mediterranean and, through Alexander
the Great's campaign of conquest, as far
afield as India.
Greece was a mainly mountainous
landscape, with the Pindus Mountains
and Mount Olympus, surrounded by
water on three sides by the Ionian Sea,
the Mediterranean Sea, and the Aegean
Sea. This meant that the Greek city-
states of Ancient Greece were separated
by mountains and water.
The introduction of writing in Egypt in the predynastic period
(c. 3000 BCE) brought with it the formation of a special class of
literate professionals, the scribes. By virtue of their writing skills,
the scribes took on all the duties of a civil service: record keeping,
tax accounting, the management of public works (building
projects and the like), even the prosecution of war through
overseeing military supplies and payrolls. Young men enrolled in
scribal schools to learn the essentials of the trade, which included
not only reading and writing but also the basics of mathematics.
Overview of Ancient Mesopotamian

Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and

Euphrates river system that benefitted from the area’s climate
and geography to host the beginnings of human civilization. Its
history is marked by many important inventions that changed
the world, including the concept of time, math, the wheel,
sailboats, maps and writing. Mesopotamia is also defined by a
changing succession of ruling bodies from different areas and
cities that seized control over a period of thousands of years.
 Compare & 02
Contrast
Similarities and Differences between Egypt and
Mesopotamia
 03
Contributions
Mathematics of Egypt and Mesopotamia
 Mathematics of Greeks
The numeral system

The Egyptians expressed numbers according to a decimal

scheme, using separate symbols for 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and so on;
each symbol appeared in the expression for a number as many
times as the value it represented occurred in the number itself.
 Arithmetic operations

 Addition and Subtraction amount to counting how many

symbols of each kind there are in the numerical expressions
and then rewriting with the resulting number of symbols.
Example:
 Multiplication they introduced a method of successive
doubling. For example, to multiply 28 by 11, one
constructs a table of multiples of 28 like the following:

The several entries in the first column that together sum to

11 (i.e., 8, 2, and 1) are checked off. The product is then
found by adding up the multiples corresponding to these
entries; thus, 224 + 56 + 28 = 308, the desired product.
 Division in other hand is the reverse of multiplication
Fraction
 Egyptians also wrote fractions using hieroglyphs. They put
an oval (mouth symbol) meaning “part" above the number
symbol to indicate the fraction.
 Geometry

● Ancient Egyptian use Geometry for the construction of

Pyramids.

● By the use of :
seked - The Egyptians defined this as the ratio of the run to the
rise, which is the reciprocal of the modern definition of the slope.
 Ancient Egyptian Mathematicians
1. Euclid (-350 - -240)
○ Was an ancient Greek mathematician active as a
geometer and logician.
○ Considered the "father of geometry the foundations of
geometry that largely dominated the field until the
early 19th century.
○ His system, now referred to as Euclidean geometry,
involved new innovations in combination with a
synthesis of theories from earlier Greek
mathematicians, including Eudoxus of Cnidus,
Hippocrates of Chios, and Theaetetus.
 Contribution

 Euclid concluded the theorems of what is now called Euclidean

geometry in Euclid's Elements from a small set of axioms.
Euclid's contributions include works on number theory,
perspective, mathematical rigour, conic sections, number
theory and spherical geometry.
2. Hypatia (350 - 415)
○ Hypatia (born c. 350–370; died 415 AD) was a
Neoplatonist philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician
who lived in Alexandria, Egypt, then part of the Eastern
Roman Empire.
○ She was a prominent thinker in Alexandria where she
taught philosophy and astronomy.

● She is the first female mathematician whose life is reasonably well

recorded.
● She wrote a commentary on Diophantus's thirteen-volume Arithmetica,
which may survive in part, having been interpolated into Diophantus's
original text, and another commentary on Apollonius of Perga's treatise on
conic sections, which has not survived.
 Contribution
 Hypatia refined several scientific instruments, wrote math
textbooks, and developed a more efficient long division method.
Hypatia wrote a piece on Diophantus's thirteen volume
Arithmetica, which contains 100 mathematical problems, whose
solutions are proposed using algebra.
3. Diophantus (201 - 300)
 Was a Greek mathematician, who was the author
of a series of books called Arithmetica, many of
which deal with solving algebraic equations.
 Diophantus is considered "the father of algebra"
by many mathematicians because of his
contributions to number theory, mathematical
equations, and the earliest known use of
algebraic notation and symbolism in his works.
 Contribution

 Diophantine equations, Diophantine geometry, and

Diophantine approximations are subareas of number theory
that are named after him.

 Diophantus coined the term παρισότης (parisotes) to refer to an

approximate equality. This term was rendered as adaequalitas
in Latin, and became the technique of adequality developed by
Pierre de Fermat to find maxima for functions and tangent lines
to curves.
 Diophantus was the first Greek mathematician who
recognized positive rational numbers as numbers, by allowing
fractions for coefficients and solutions.
4. Hero of Alexandria (10 - 75)
● Hero of Alexandria (; Greek: Ἥρων ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς, Hērōn
hò Alexandreús, also known as Heron of Alexandria ; fl. 60
AD) was a Greek mathematician and engineer who was
active in his native city of Alexandria in Egypt during the
Roman era.
● He is often considered the greatest experimenter of
antiquity and his work is representative of the Hellenistic
scientific tradition.
● Hero published a well-recognized description of a steam-
powered device called an aeolipile (sometimes called a
"Hero engine").
5. Ctesibius (-284 - -221)
● with his work On pneumatics on the elasticity
oCtesibius or Ktesibios or Tesibius (Greek: Κτησίβιος;
fl. 285–222 BC) was a Greek inventor and
mathematician in Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt.
● He wrote the first treatises on the science of
compressed air and its uses in pumps (and even in a
kind of cannon).
● This, in combination f air, earned him the title of
"father of pneumatics."
 Contribution

 In mathematics he is mostly remembered for Heron's formula,

a way to calculate the area of a triangle using only the lengths
of its sides.
 04
Application
Formulated Theories, Formulas, Studies,
Invention and Applications
 Euclid
Formulated Theories:
Number Theory
 Euclidean algorithm
 Fundamental theorem of arithmetic.
Formulas:

Studies, Invention and Applications:

● Divisions of Figures
● Phaenomena
● Optics
● The lost books Conics and Porisms
● The most famous the Elements
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Relevance to real-world applications

Mercury
Mercury is the closest planet to
the Sun and the smallest one in
the Solar System—it’s only a bit
larger than the Moon
Venus
Venus has a beautiful name and is
the second planet from the Sun.
It’s hot and has a poisonous
atmosphere
 Relations and functions

Mercury Venus Mars

Mercury is the closest Venus has a beautiful name Despite being red, Mars is
planet to the Sun and the and is the second planet actually a cold place. It’s
smallest of them all from the Sun full of iron oxide dust
 Mathematical logic

Mars Venus
Mars is actually a very Venus has extremely
cold place high temperatures

Jupiter Saturn
Jupiter is the biggest Saturn is a gas giant and
planet of them all has several rings
 Combinations

Mars Venus Earth

Despite being red, Mars Venus is a hot planet. Earth has life. Earth is
is very cold. Mars is Venus is the second the planet on which we
made of basalt planet from the Sun all live

Mercury Saturn Jupiter

Mercury is the closest Saturn is a gas giant. Jupiter doesn’t have a
planet to the Sun. Saturn was named after solid surface. Jupiter is a
Mercury is small a Roman god big planet
Awesome words
 “This is a quote, words full of wisdom
that someone important said and can make
the reader get inspired”

—Someone Famous
A picture is worth a
thousand words
A picture always
reinforces
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Images reveal large amounts of data, so
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 98,300,000
Big numbers catch your audience’s attention
 9h 55m 23s
Jupiter’s rotation period

333,000
The Sun’s mass compared to Earth’s

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Distance between Earth and the Moon
Essential graph types in discrete maths

Undirected Directed
50% Despite being red, 25% Venus is the second
Mars is very cold planet from the Sun

Weighted Bipartite
15% Earth is the planet on 10% Mercury is the closest
which we all live planet to the Sun
Computer
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Mars Earth
Despite being red, Earth is the planet on
Mars is very cold which we all live

Mercury Jupiter
It is the closest planet Jupiter doesn’t have a
to the Sun solid surface
 Decades of discrete math

1950s 1970s 1980s 1990s

Despite being red, Venus is a hot Earth has life. Jupiter doesn’t
Mars is very cold. planet. Venus is the Earth is the planet have a solid
Mars is made of second planet from on which we all surface. Jupiter is a
basalt the Sun live big planet
 Inclusion-exclusion principle

A1 A1^A2 A2

Mars Earth
Despite being red, Mars Earth has life. Earth is
is very cold. Mars is the planet on which we
made of basalt all live
 Exploring number theory
Topic Description Importance Applications
● Write an application here
Divisibility Mars is made of basalt Fundamental
● Write an application here

Modular ● Write an application here

Venus is a hot planet Fundamental
arithmetic ● Write an application here

Fermat's last ● Write an application here

Earth has life Theoretical
theorem ● Write an application here

Euler's totient ● Write an application here

Saturn is a gas giant Valuable
function ● Write an application here
 Formal languages in discrete math
Regular
50% Despite being red, Mars
is very cold

Context-free
30% Venus is the second
planet from the Sun

Finite
20% Earth is the planet on
which we all live

Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then paste the new one here. For more info, click here
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Applications in computer science diagram

Graph theory Combinatorics

● Despite being red, Mars ● Earth has life
is very cold ● Earth is the planet on
● Mars is made of basalt which we all live

Computer
Number theory science Set theory
● Mercury is the closest ● Jupiter doesn’t have a
planet to the Sun solid surface
● Mercury is small ● Jupiter is a big planet
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 Assignment brief
Issue date XX Month, Year
Deadline XX Month, Year
Objectives ● We all live on Earth
● Mars is made of basalt
● Venus is a hot planet
● Earth has life
● Mercury is small
● Saturn is a gas giant
● Jupiter is a big planet
Investigation
Saturn is a gas giant and has
several rings. It’s composed
mostly of hydrogen and
helium
Presentation
Earth is the third planet from
the Sun and the only one that
harbors life in the Solar
System
 Rubric
Assignment guidelines
10 pts Jupiter is a gas giant
● Neptune is the eighth planet
from the Sun 20 pts Mars is made of basalt
● Saturn was named after a
Roman god 30 pts We all live on Earth

● Jupiter is the biggest planet

of them all 15 pts Venus is very hot

● Despite being red, Mars is

very cold
10 pts Mercury is very small

● Earth is the planet on which Total Write the total here

we all live
 Exercise 1: set theory basics
Consider the universal set
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Define sets A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {3, 6, 9}

Finding A’ (complement of A) Write the solution here

Calculating A ∪ B (union of A and B) Write the solution here

Determining A ∩ B (intersection) Write the solution here

Verifying A is a subset of U Write the solution here

 Worksheet: multiple choice
In a simple graph, what is the How many ways can you arrange
maximum number of edges for a the letters in the word "MATH"?
graph with 5 vertices?

01 a) 10 02 a) 24

b) 12
b) 5

If p is true and q is false, what is the truth value of p ∧ q ?

a) True
03
b) False
About the bachelor of arts in mathematics

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