SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE

MANAGEMENT

By
Mr. R. SAI KIRAN
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
 Contents
Solid Wastes:
 Sources
 Types
 Composition
 Physical, chemical, and biological properties of solid wastes
 Sources and types of hazardous and infectious wastes in municipal solid wastes
Solid waste generation and collection:
 Handling
 Storage
 Processing
 Transportation
 Definitions
Solid waste:
 Solid wastes comprise all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are discarded
as useless or unwanted
 These include all solid or semisolid materials with no sufficient values
Hazardous waste:
 Wastes that cause substantial hazard to the human health or living organisms are called as
hazardous wastes
Solid waste management:
 Solid Waste Management (SWM) is the control of generation, collection, storage, transport,
processing and disposal of solid wastes in accord with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations
Hyderabad tops in per capita waste generation | Hyderabad News - Times of India
Hyderabad junked 36% less waste during COVID-19 lockdown
- The New Indian Express
Percentage composition of municipal solid waste in Hyderabad
Materials flow and the generation of solid wastes in a technological society
 SOURCES AND TYPES OF SOLID WASTES
Although any number of source classifications can be developed, the following categories are
useful:
(1) residential,
(2) commercial,
(3) institutional,
(4) construction and demolition,
(5) municipal services,
(6) treatment plant sites,
(7) industrial, and
(8) agricultural.
Continued
…
1. Residential and Commercial
 Mainly include the organic (combustible) and inorganic (noncombustible) solid wastes from
residential areas and commercial establishments
 If the waste components are not separated when discarded, then the mixture of these wastes is
also known as commingled residential and commercial MSW
 Wastes that will decompose rapidly, especially in warm weather, are also known as putrescible
waste. The principal source of putrescible wastes is the handling, preparation, cooking, and
eating of foods
 The waste paper found in MSW is typically composed of newspaper, books and magazines,
commercial printing, office paper, other paperboard, paper packaging, other nonpackaging
paper, tissue paper and towels, and corrugated cardboard
 The plastic materials found in MSW fall into the following seven categories:
• Polyethylene terephthalate (PETE/l)
• High-density polyethylene (HDPE/2)
• Polyvinyl chloride (PVC/3)
• Low-density polyethylene (LDPE/4)
• Polypropylene (PP/5)
• Polystyrene (PS/6)
• Other multilayered plastic materials
 The type of plastic container can be identified by number code (1 through 7)
Special wastes
 Bulky items are large worn-out or broken household, commercial and industrial items
 Consumer electronics includes worn-out. broken, and other no-longer wanted items such as
radios, stereos, and television sets.
 White goods are large worn-out or broken household, commercial, and industrial appliances
such as stoves, refrigerators, dishwashers, and clothes washers and dryers.
 The principal sources of batteries are from households and automobile and other vehicle
servicing facilities. Household batteries come in a variety of types, including alkaline, mercury,
silver, zinc, nickel, and cadmium
 The metals found in household batteries can cause groundwater and air contamination
 The principal source of used oil is from the servicing of automobiles and other moving vehicles
by their owners
2. Institutional
 Institutional sources of solid waste include government centers, schools, prisons, and hospitals
 Excluding manufacturing wastes from prisons and medical wastes, the solid wastes generated at
these facilities are quite similar to MSW
 Medical wastes are mostly handled and processed separately from other solid wastes
3. Construction and Demolition
 Wastes from the construction, remodeling, and repairing of individual residences, commercial
buildings, and other structures are classified as construction wastes
 These may include dirt; stones; concrete; bricks; plaster; lumber; shingles; and plumbing,
heating, and electrical parts
 The demolition wastes is similar to construction wastes, but may include broken glass, plastics,
and reinforcing steel
4. Municipal Services
 Other community wastes, include street sweepings, roadside litter, wastes from municipal litter
containers, landscape and tree trimmings, catch-basin debris, dead animals, and abandoned
vehicles
5. Treatment Plant Wastes and Other Residues
 The solid and semisolid wastes from water, wastewater, and industrial waste treatment facilities
are termed as treatment plant wastes
 At present, their collection is not the charge of most municipal agencies responsible for solid
waste management. However, wastewater treatment plant sludges are commonly co-disposed
with MSW in municipal -landfills.
 In the future, the disposal of treatment plant sludges will likely become a major factor in any
solid waste management plan.
6. Industrial Wastes
 Includes (1) industrial process wastes, scrap materials, etc., (2) non-industrial wastes like food
wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition and construction wastes, special wastes, and (3) hazardous
wastes
7. Agricultural Wastes
 Wastes and residues resulting from diverse agricultural activities such as the planting and
harvesting of row, field, tree and vine crops; the production of milk; the production of animals
for slaughter; and the operation of feedlots-are collectively called agricultural wastes
 At present, the disposal of these wastes is not the responsibility of most municipal and county
solid waste management agencies.
 However, in many areas the disposal of animal manure has become a critical problem,
especially from feedlots and dairies
 COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTES
 Composition is the term used to describe the individual components that make up a solid waste
stream and their relative distribution, usually based on percent by weight
Composition of MSW
 The total solid wastes from a community are composed of the waste materials discussed earlier
 Typical data on the distribution of MSW are presented in the tables in next slides
 Hazardous wastes in MSW
 Properties and classification of hazardous wastes.
 The sources and significance of hazardous wastes found in MSW.
 Occurrence of hazardous wastes in various activities associated with the
management of MSW.
Nature of physical, chemical and biological transformations.
Management of hazardous wastes in MSW.
 Properties of Hazardous wastes
 Safety related properties
i. Corrosivity
ii. Explosivity
iii. Flammability
iv. Ignitability
v. Reactivity
 Properties of Hazardous wastes
 Health related properties
i. Carcinogenicity
ii. Infectivity
iii. Irritant(allergic response)
iv. Mutagenicity (Mutation)
v. Toxicity(Poisons)
vi. Radioactivity
vii. Teratogenicity (Ability to cause defects in a developing fetus )
 Sources and types of hazardous and infectious wastes in MSW
 Many of the products used around the home everyday such as household cleaners, personal
products, automotive products, paint products, and garden products are toxic and can be
hazardous to health and the environment
Hazardous waste compounds produced by commercial, industrial, and agricultural
activities that are typically found in MSW
 Quantity of Hazardous Wastes in MSW
 The amount of hazardous waste found in MSW usually varies from 0.01 to 1 percent by weight,
with a typical value of 0.1 percent
 These percentages do not account for the HW that are illegally disposed of onto land and into
sewers and storm drains
 Although the exact distribution between residential and commercial sources is quite variable,
approximately 75 to 85% of the hazardous wastes found in MSW are from residential sources
 Solid waste management
 SWM includes the collection, storage, transportation, treatment, utilization, processing, and final
disposal of solid wastes, including the recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes

Interrelationships between the functional elements in SWM

1. Handling and Separation of solid waste at the source
 The handling and separation of solid waste at the source before they are collected is a critical step
in the management of residential solid waste
 Here, handling refers to the managing solid wastes until they are placed in the containers (used for
their storage before collection)
 The activities associated with handling of waste materials at the source will vary depending on the
types of waste materials
 The separation of solid waste components at the source is one of the most positive and effective
ways to achieve the recovery and reuse of materials
Storage
 “Storage” means the holding of solid waste material for a temporary period.
 Waste storage encompasses proper containers to store wastes and efficient transport of wastes
without any spillage to transfer stations/disposal sites
 Single-family households generally use small containers
 Residential units, commercial units, institutions and industries require large containers
 Smaller containers are usually handled manually, whereas the larger, heavier ones require
mechanical handling
 The desirable characteristics of a well-designed container are low cost, size, weight, shape,
resistance to corrosion, water tightness, strength and durability
 The containers may fall under either of the following two categories:
i. Stationary containers: These are used for contents to be transferred to collection vehicles
at the site of storage.
ii. Hauled containers: These are used for contents to be directly transferred to a processing
plant, transfer station or disposal site for emptying before being returned to the storage site.
 It is advisable to place the containers 100 – 200 m apart for economic reasons.
 The communal containers are usually staggered such that the effective distance of 100 m is
maintained

Location of Communal Container

Collection vehicles