Photosensitive

Epilepsy
Jeffrey Arboleda
2nd Year Resident
Department of Rehabilitation Medicine
 Photosensitive Epilepsy

1 in 100 people has epilepsy

3% have photosensitivity

More common in children and young adult;

Less diagnosed after >20 y/o

Triggered by certain rates of flashing lights

or contrasting light and dark patterns
Triggers & Factors

Flashing lights between 3-60 hertz

T (flashes per second)

Contrasting dark and light geometric

T pattern (bars, stripes)

Tiredness, stress and excitement ie

F playing video game

Being very close to screen or watching in

F a darkened room
 Photosensitive Triggers in the Environment

Lights Sunlight
Cameras
Sunlight through trees,
Strobe light Fireworks
blinds, on water
LED

TV Structures
Cathode ray tube Escalator
Faulty TV Railings
3D TV Wind Turbines
Virtual Reality and Epilepsy
 Reducing the Risk

Use a flatscreen TV or
Watch TV in a well-lit room
computer monitor

Take regular breaks from Watch 3D TV without other

screen TVs or screens viewable

Use of photochromic or
Sit well back from the screen
polarizing glasses
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune
01 Earth is the third planet
02 Neptune is the farthest
from the Sun planet from the Sun

Saturn Mercury
03 Saturn is composed of
04 Mercury is the closest
hydrogen and helium object to the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mercury
01 Earth is the third planet from 04 Planet Mercury is the closest
the Sun object to the Sun

Neptune Mars
02 Neptune is the farthest planet 05 Despite being red,
from the Sun Mars is a cold place

Saturn Jupiter
03 Saturn is composed of 06 Jupiter is a gas giant
hydrogen and helium and the biggest planet
 Stroke Rehabilitation

Exercise-Based Brain Training

Physical Agents Others
Interventions Paradigms
Mirror Therapy
CIMT
Electrical Stimulation Virtual Reality
Motor Relearning Programme Motor Imagery
Treadmill Training Magnetic Modalities Robotics
 Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Description Mechanism
Small, portable units that 01 02
deliver electric current to the Gate-Control Theory
skin through surface electrodes

Poor Evidence Good Evidence

04 03
Central pain (IIIB) Spasticity
Gate-Control Theory
 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Description Mechanism
Type of ES intended to retard 01 02 Electrical stimulation of an
or reverse muscle atrophy from excitable tissue to induce muscle
chronic disease or disuse contraction

Not Recommended Good Evidence

Dysphagia (IIIA) 04 03 Shoulder subluxation
Pain and function Foot drop (IIaA)
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation
 Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Description Mechanism
noninvasive brain stimulation 01 02 By electromagnetic induction, TMS
that uses magnetic fields generates sub or suprathreshold currents
in the human cortex

Poor Evidence Good Evidence

Aphasia, Dysphagia (IIIA),
04 03 Motor function, manual dexterity, walking,
balance, unilateral neglect, depression
Spasticity, Cognitive Impairment Central pain (IIbB)

Fisicaro, F., Lanza, G., Grasso, A. A., Pennisi, G., Bella, R., Paulus, W., & Pennisi, M. (2019). Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in stroke
rehabilitation: review of the current evidence and pitfalls. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 12, 1756286419878317.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1756286419878317
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
 Super Inductive System

Description
based on high-intensity
Mechanism
01 02 Depolarization of neuronal
electromagnetic field, which
positively influences the human
cells, generating therapeutic
tissue. effects

No Effect Good Evidence

Strength
04 03 Spasticity
Lower Limb Function Upper Limb Function

Ciortea VM, Motoașcă I, Borda IM, Ungur RA, Bondor CI, Iliescu MG, Ciubean AD, Lazăr I, Bendea E, Irsay L. Effects of High-Intensity Electromagnetic Stimulation
on Reducing Upper Limb Spasticity in Post-Stroke Patients. Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(4):2125. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042125
Momosaki R, Yamada N, Ota E, Abo M. Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation for activities of daily living and functional ability in people after stroke. Cochrane
Super Inductive System
Virtual Reality

● The following databases were reviewed:

Cochrane Original, Joanna Briggs Connect,
Medline/Pubmed, Cinahl, Scopus, Isi Web of
Science, and Sport-Discus.
● Strong scientific evidence supports the
beneficial effects of VR on upper limb motor
recovery in stroke patients.
 Virtual Reality

● Other Evidence:

○ Cognition/ Aphasia/ Speech (IA)

○ Gait (IIbB)

○ Visual/spatial and perceptual impairments

(IIbB)

○ Hemineglect/ Hemi-attention (IIaA)

Robotics

● Objectives: To examine the effectiveness of

robotic devices in the rehabilitation
of stroke patients for upper limb mobility,
lower limb mobility, and activities of daily
living.

○ The sustainability of treatment effect was also

examined.
Robotics

● Inclusion criteria: Adult stroke patients 18

years and over
● Types of intervention(s): Rehabilitation
of stroke patients using robotic devices with
assistive automation, compared to
conventional physiotherapy.
● Outcomes: Motor movements of upper limbs,
walking movement of lower limbs and
activities of daily living, including follow-up
measurements to examine the sustainability of
treatment effect.
Robotics

● Conclusions

○ Robotic training is just as effective as

conventional training for upper limb motor
movement, lower limb walking mobility and
for activities of daily living.

○ For lower limb patients with severe

impairment, robotic training produces better
outcomes than conventional training.

○ For treatment sustainability of upper and lower

limbs, robotic training is just as effective as
conventional training.
● https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPSN9a2Q8DI
Brain Infographics

Planet Jupiter is a gas giant and the

01 biggest object in the Solar System

Saturn is the ringed planet. It is composed

02 of hydrogen and helium

Despite being red, Planet Mars is a very

03 cold place full of iron oxide dust

Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun

04 and the smallest one
 Brain Infographics

Planet Jupiter is a gas giant and the biggest

object in the Solar System

Saturn is the ringed planet. It is composed

of hydrogen and helium

Despite being red, Planet Mars is a very

cold place full of iron oxide dust
 Brain Infographics

Mercury Saturn
Mercury is the closest It is the ringed planet. It
planet to the Sun and is composed of hydrogen
the smallest one and helium

Jupiter Mars
Jupiter is a gas giant Despite being red,
and the biggest object Planet Mars is a very
in the Solar System cold place
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune
01 Earth is the third planet
02 Neptune is the farthest
from the Sun planet from the Sun

Saturn Mercury
03 Saturn is composed of
04 Mercury is the closest
hydrogen and helium object to the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mercury
Earth is the third planet from Planet Mercury is the closest
the Sun object to the Sun
01 04

Neptune 02 05 Mars
Neptune is the farthest planet Despite being red,
from the Sun Mars is a cold place
03 06

Saturn Jupiter
Saturn is composed of Jupiter is a gas giant
hydrogen and helium and the biggest planet
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mercury
01 Earth is the third planet from 04 Planet Mercury is the closest
the Sun object to the Sun

Neptune Mars
02 Neptune is the farthest planet 05 Despite being red,
from the Sun Mars is a cold place

Saturn Jupiter
03 Saturn is composed of 06 Jupiter is a gas giant
hydrogen and helium and the biggest planet
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mars
Earth is the third Despite being red,
planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place

Mercury Neptune
It’s the closest object It’s the farthest planet
to the Sun from the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune Mars Mercury

Earth is the third It’s the farthest planet Despite being red, It’s the closest object
planet from the Sun from the Sun Mars is a cold place to the Sun

01 02 03 04
 Brain Infographics

Earth
Earth is the third planet from
the Sun Mercury
Planet Mercury is the closest
object to the Sun
Neptune
Neptune is the farthest planet
from the Sun Mars
Despite being red,
Mars is a cold place
Saturn
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
 Brain Infographics

01 02 03 04

Earth Neptune Mars Mercury

Earth is the third It’s the farthest planet Despite being red, It’s the closest object
planet from the Sun from the Sun Mars is a cold place to the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune Mars Mercury

Earth is the third It’s the farthest planet Despite being red, It’s the closest object
planet from the Sun from the Sun Mars is a cold place to the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune Mars Mercury

Earth is the third It’s the farthest Despite being Mercury is the
planet from the planet from the red, Mars is a closest object to
Sun Sun cold place the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Despite being red, It is the ringed planet. It Jupiter is a gas giant Mercury is the closest
Planet Mars is a very is composed of hydrogen and the biggest object planet to the Sun and
cold place and helium in the Solar System the smallest one

Mars Saturn Jupiter Mercury

 Brain Infographics

01 Earth is the third planet from

the Sun

Planet Mercury is the closest 02

object to the Sun

03 Neptune is the farthest planet

from the Sun

Saturn is composed of 04
hydrogen and helium
 Brain Infographics

Earth 01 02 Mars
Earth is the third Despite being red,
planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place

Mercury Neptune
It’s the closest object It’s the farthest planet
to the Sun
04 03 from the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Despite being red, It is the ringed planet. It Jupiter is a gas giant Mercury is the closest
Planet Mars is a very is composed of hydrogen and the biggest object planet to the Sun and
cold place and helium in the Solar System the smallest one

Mars Saturn Jupiter Mercury

 Brain Infographics

Mars Mercury Neptune

It’s the closest object Despite being red, It’s the farthest planet
to the Sun Mars is a cold place from the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune Saturn

Neptune is the
Earth is the third It’s composed of
farthest planet from
planet from the Sun hydrogen and helium
the Sun

Mercury Mars Jupiter

Planet Mercury is Despite being red, Jupiter is a gas giant
the closest object to But Mars is a cold and the biggest
the Sun place planet
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mercury
Earth is the third planet from Planet Mercury is the closest
the Sun object to the Sun

Neptune Mars
Neptune is the farthest planet Despite being red,
from the Sun Mars is a cold place

Saturn Jupiter
Saturn is composed of Jupiter is a gas giant
hydrogen and helium and the biggest planet
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune Mars Mercury

Earth is the third It’s the farthest Despite being Mercury is the
planet from the planet from the red, Mars is a closest object to
Sun Sun cold place the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Despite being red,

01 Mars is a cold place

Earth is the third

planet from the Sun
02

Venus has a beautiful

03 name

Mercury is a small
planet 04
 Brain Infographics

25% 50% 75% 90%

Mars Saturn Jupiter Mercury

Despite being red, Saturn is the ringed Jupiter is a gas giant Mercury is the closest
Planet Mars is a very planet. It is composed of and the biggest object planet to the Sun and
cold place hydrogen and helium in the Solar System the smallest one
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mars
Earth is the third Despite being red,
planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place

Mercury Neptune
It’s the closest object It’s the farthest planet
to the Sun from the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Neptune Saturn Mars Mercury

Earth is the third Neptune is the It’s composed of Despite being Mercury is the
planet from the farthest planet hydrogen and red, Mars is a closest object to
Sun from the Sun helium cold place the Sun
 Brain Infographics

Earth Jupiter Mercury

Earth is the third planet from Jupiter is a gas giant Planet Mercury is the closest
the Sun and the biggest planet object to the Sun

01 02 03

Neptune Saturn Mars

Neptune is the farthest planet Saturn is composed of Despite being red,
from the Sun hydrogen and helium Mars is a cold place

04 05 06
 Brain Infographics

Earth Mercury
01 Earth is the third planet from Planet Mercury is the closest 02
the Sun object to the Sun

Neptune Mars
03 Neptune is the farthest Despite being red, 04
planet from the Sun Mars is a cold place
 Brain Infographics

Planet Jupiter is a gas giant and the

01 Jupiter biggest object in the Solar System

Saturn is the ringed planet. It is composed

02 Saturn of hydrogen and helium

Despite being red, Planet Mars is a very

03 Mars cold place full of iron oxide dust
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