Chapter 6_Operational Amplifiers

HCMC University of Technology and Education
FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING
ELECTRONIC PRINCIPLES
www.hcmute.edu.vn
I. Introduction
An op-amp can perform mathematical operations such as addition,

subtraction, integration, and differentiation; i.e the op-amp can sum
signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate it. The ability of
the op-amp to perform these mathematical operations is the reason it
is called an operational amplifier.
The op-amp is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled

voltage source. It may also be regarded as a voltage amplifier with
very high gain.
2
I. Introduction
1. What is an Operational
Amplifier?
An op-amp can perform mathematical operations such as addition,
subtraction, integration, and differentiation; i.e the op-amp can sum
signals, amplify a signal, integrate it, or differentiate it. The ability of the
op-amp to perform these mathematical operations is the reason it is called
an operational amplifier.
An op-amp is an active circuit element designed to perform
mathematical
operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division,
differentiation,
Theand integration.
op-amp is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled
voltage source. It may also be regarded as a voltage amplifier with very high
gain.
3
I. Introduction
The five important terminalsAmplifier?
of the op-amp +
Vcc
are: _
Vin-
1. The inverting input Vin- ,pin 2.
2. The noninverting input Vin+ , pin 3. Vin+ + Vo
3. The output Vo, pin 6.
4. The positive power supply +Vcc, pin 7. Circuit symbol - Vcc
5. The negative power supply -Vcc, pin 4.
8
4
3
2
1
A typical operational amplifier – LM741 Pin configuration 4
I. Introduction
Amplifier?
+15V
1.53kΩ
3.3kΩ
25kΩ
25kΩ
12V
Q5
10V 10V
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
10V 10V
-0.7V -0.7V
50Ω 50Ω
+0.7V Q6
10kΩ
+9.3V
Output
-10.2V
Q7 Q8 0V
10.47kΩ
5kΩ
-10.9V -10.9V
2.27kΩ
10.2kΩ
4.7kΩ
-15V
5
I. Introduction
Amplifier?
The differential input voltage vd is given
Vin- by: V =V -
d in+
Vo The outputVin-Vo is given by:

VO = A Vd = A(Vin+ -
Vin+
Vin-the
A is called ) open-loop voltage gain
because it is the gain of the op-amp
The equivalent circuit of without any external feedback from
the non-ideal op-amp output to input.
Op-amp output voltage Vo as a function
of the differential input voltage Vd. 6
I. Introduction
Amplifier?
The op-amp can operate in three
modes, depending on the differential
input voltage Vd:
1. Positive saturation, Vo = +VCC.
2. Linear region, - VCC  Vo  +VCC.
3. Negative saturation, Vo = -VCC.
The equivalent circuit of

the non-ideal op-amp
7
I. Introduction
Amplifier?
The open-loop gain A is very high. If Vd is

attempted to increase beyond the linear
range, the op amp becomes saturated and
The equivalent circuit of yields
the non-ideal op-amp Vo = VCC or vo Vo = - VCC. Hence, assume
that op-amps operate in the linear mode.
This means that the output voltage is
8
restricted by - V  Vo  +V
I. Introduction
Amplifier?
For op-amps that operate in the linear
regions:
Negative feedback is achieved when the
output is fed back to the inverting terminal
of the op-amp. There is a feedback path
from output to input, the ratio of the output
voltage to the input voltage is called the
closed-loop gain. As a result of the negative
Negative feedback feedback, it can be shown that the closed-
loop gain is almost insensitive to the open-
loop gain A of the op amp. For this reason,
op amps are used in circuits with feedback
paths. 9
I. Introduction
2. Ideal Op Amp
+Vc An op amp is ideal if it has the following

characteristics:
c
1. Infinite open-loop gain, A  .
2. Infinite input resistance, Rin  .
3. Zero output resistance, Ro  0.
-Vcc Iin+ = Iin- = 0.

Ideal op-amp Vin+ = Vin-.
(Vd = Vin+ - Vin- =
0)
Linear region: - VCC  VO  +
10
II. PRACTICAL OP-AMP CIRCUITS
1. Inverting Amplifier
iF RF
vo RF
AVCL  
Iin- vi RI
RI i- +Vcc
iI vid
vi Vin-
-Vcc
vo
Iin+
Vin+
11
100 kΩ
Find Vout and sketch the
waveforms of input and
output voltages.
a)Vin1 = 1 V;
V = 12 V
CC
b)Vin2 = 0,5sint V;
c)Vin3 = 2sint V
12
Find Rf so that the
voltage gain reaches 10.
VCC = 12 V
13
2. Non-inverting Amplifier
vB +Vcc
vA -Vcc vo R I  R F RF
a) vi vo AVCL   1
RF vi RI RI
RI
R2
vB +Vcc
b) vi -Vcc vo R3 R  RF
R3 vA vo AVCL    I
vi R2  R3 RI
RF
RI
14
2. Non-inverting Amplifier
 Calculate the closed-loop gain vo/vs.
 Find the currents though the resistors when
vs = 1 V.
15
4. Unity Follower
+Vcc Rc
+Vcc
vi -Vcc
vo vi -Vcc
vo
RF
16
5. Inverting summing amplifier
R1
v1
i1 R2 iF RF
v2
i2 R3
v3 +Vcc
i3 Vin- vid
-Vcc
Vin+ vo
17
18
19
 Find vo and the currents though the resistors.
20
(1.5 – 0)/20  Vin+ = 0V  Vin- = 0V
= 0.075mA (0 – (-3,8))/8
= 0.485mA
(2 – 0)/10
= 0.2mA 0V
V0 = -3,8 V
0V
(1.2 – 0)/6
= 0.2mA
-3,8/4
= - 0.95mA
 Find vo and the currents though the resistors.

21
6. Non-inverting summing amplifier
R1
v1 i1 1
R2 vB +Vcc
RP 
v2
i2 1 1 1
R3    
v3 -Vcc
vo  R1 R2 R3 
i3 vA
RF
RI
RI  RF  v1 v2 v3   RI  RF   RP RP RP 
vo        RP      v1  v2  v3 
RI  R1 R2 R3   RI   R1 R2 R3 
22
7. Differential amplifier
RI VA RF
v1
+Vcc
R2 VB
v2 -Vcc
vo
R3
23
RI VA RF
v1
+Vcc
R2 VB
v2 -Vcc
vo
R3
R3 RI  RF RF
vo  v 2    v1 
R3  R2 RI RI
24
25
8. Cascaded Op - Amp Circuits
A cascade connection is a head-to-tail arrangement of two or more
op-amp circuits such that the output of one is the input of the next.
The output of one stage is the input to the next stage, the overall gain
of the cascade connection is the product of the gains of the individual
op amp circuits
26
a) Derive the expression of Uo2 and determine the voltage gain of each
stage.
b Determine Uo2 if R1 = 20 [k], R2 = 200[k], R3 = 20 [k],
R4 = 20 [k], R5 = 60 [k], R6 = 20[k], Ui1= 0,2 [V],
Ui2= 0,3 [V]; Vcc = 12 [V].
c) Repeat part (b) if Ui2= 5sin2000πt [V]
and sketch the outputRwaveform.
2 R5
R1 +VCC
Ui1 R4 +VCC
IC1
Uo1 R6 IC2 Uo2
-VCC Ui2
R3 -VCC
27
a) Derive the expression of Uo2 and determine the voltage gain of each stage.
b) Determine Uo2 if R1 = 22 [k], R2 = 220[k], R3 = 10 [k], R4 = 33 [k],
R5 = 330 [k], Ui1= 200 [mV], Ui2= 2 [V], VCC = 12 [V].
c) Repeat part (b) if Ui1= 200 [mV], Ui2= 2sin2000πt [V]
and sketch the output waveform.
d) Repeat part (b) if Ui1= 200 [mV], Ui2= 0.1sin2000πt [V]
R5
and sketch the output waveform.
R2
R4 +VCC
Ui2
R1 +VCC
IC2
IC1
Uo1 -VCC Uo2
Ui1 R3
-VCC
28
Design an op-amp circuit with inputs v1 and v2 such that

vo = - 5v1+ 3v2.
29
There are two input voltage sources including vin1 and vin2,
design a multistage operational amplifier circuit so that the
output voltage is obtained by v0 = 15vin1 – 20vin2.
Hint:
-Use two-stage amplifier;
-Stage 2: differential amplifier;
-Stage 1: inverting amplifier or non-inverting amplifier.
30
RI VA RF
v1
+Vcc
R2 VB
v2 -Vcc
vo
R3
+Vcc vo1 RI RF
v1 A1
-Vcc
+Vcc
R2 A3
-Vcc
vo
+Vcc
v2 A2
R3
-Vcc o2v
31
RI VA RF
v1
+Vcc
R2
v2 -Vcc
VB vo
R3
R3 RI  RF RF
vo  v 2    v1 
R3  R2 RI RI
32
33
9. An instrumentation
amplifier From the amplifier A3
 A differential amplifier.

Current i flows through the three

resistors in series. Hence:
(va = v1, vb = v2)
Finally, 
34
8. Integrator
t
1
vo   i CI dt  VCI 0 
CI 0
C = 200 µF
35
8. Integrator
iC CI
RI
+Vcc
iI
vi -Vcc
vo
Rc
t
1
vo   i CI dt  VCI 0 
CI 0 t
1
vi vo (t )    vi dt  VCI 0 
iC  iI  RI C I 0
RI
36
8. Integrator
t
1
vo (t )  
RI C I  v dt  V 0
0
i CI
1
t
Vp 
vi  VP sin t vo (t )   
RI C I 0
V p sin  tdt  
RI C I
sin( t 
2
)
vi
Vm
-Vm t
vo
37
8. Integrator
t
1
vo (t )  
RI C I  v dt  V 0
0
i CI
vi
Vm
-Vm t
vo
38
8. Integrator
t
1
vo (t )  
RI C I  v dt  V 0
0
i CI
39
9. Differentiator
RD
CD
iR
+Vcc
ii
vi -Vcc
vo
Rc
dvi
vo (t )   RD ii   RD C D
dt
40
9. Differentiator
dvi
vo (t )   RD ii   RD C D
dt
vi  V P sin t
dvi d V p sin t   
vo (t )   RDC D   RDC D  RDC DV p sin  t  
dt dt  2
vi
Vm
-Vm t
vo
41
9. Differentiator
dvi
vo (t )   RD ii   RD C D
dt
42
9. Differentiator
Vi
43
10. COMPARATOR
vi
+Vcc
t
vi -Vcc vo vo
Vcc
t
-Vcc
v i v   v  0V v o  VCC
v i v   v  0V v o  VCC
Zero-Level Detection 44
10. COMPARATOR
+Vcc vi
vi vo vo
-Vcc Vcc
t
-Vcc
v i v   v  0V v o  VCC
v i v   v  0V v o  VCC
Zero-Level Detection 45
10. COMPARATOR
vi
+Vcc vref
t
vi -Vcc vo vo
Vcc
Vref t
-Vcc
NonZero-Level Detection 46
10. COMPARATOR
vi
+Vcc vref
t
vi -Vcc vo
vo Vcc
Vref t
-Vcc
NonZero-Level Detection 47
11. Schmitt trigger

+Vcc
vo
-Vcc
vi +Vcc
RF vo -βVcc
0
+βVcc
vi
RI -Vcc
vi
Vm
UTP
t
LTP
-Vm
vo
Vcc
t
-Vcc
48
RF
11. Schmitt trigger
i
RI
+Vcc
i v+
vi -Vcc vo
vi
Vm
UTP
t
LTP
-Vm
vo
Vcc
t
-Vcc
49
Light-controlled circuit
50
Over-temperature sensing circuit
51

Chapter 6_Operational Amplifiers

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Chapter 6_Operational Amplifiers

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HCMC University of Technology and Education

FACULTY FOR HIGH QUALITY TRAINING

An op-amp can perform mathematical operations such as addition,

The op-amp is an electronic unit that behaves like a voltage-controlled

Vo The outputVin-Vo is given by:

The equivalent circuit of

The open-loop gain A is very high. If Vd is

+Vc An op amp is ideal if it has the following

-Vcc Iin+ = Iin- = 0.

 Find vo and the currents though the resistors.

 Find vo and the currents though the resistors.

Design an op-amp circuit with inputs v1 and v2 such that

Current i flows through the three

(va = v1, vb = v2)

11. Schmitt trigger

Over-temperature sensing circuit

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