EULOGIO “AMANG” RODRIGUEZ INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GENERAL MARIANO ALVAREZ, CAVITE

CAVITE CAMPUS

FS 101: Advanced Foundation of Education

Topic: Theological Foundation of Education

 Theologians from their Respective times and their Doctrines.
 Sacred Scripture and Sacred Traditions.
 The Filipino Theology.

Prepared by: Mr. James D. Cayetano

Prof. Dr. Agnes N. Coo
Objectives:

• To know the different theologians from their perspective

times and their doctrines
• To appreciate the Christian beliefs that lead us to respect
each other’s religion
• To share the influence of religion to the development of
our education.
Theology
• The term ‘Theology' comes from two Greek words: theos
(God) and logos (word).
• The study of God, God’s character, God’s actions in relation
to the cosmos, and especially God’s relationship to humanity
(the character and history of humankind) in its responsive
relationship to God.
• Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious
perspective. More narrowly it is the study of the nature of
the divine.
Theologians from their Respective times and their Doctrines.

Saint Paul of Tarus

Origen
Saint Agustine of Hippo
Saint Anselm
 Theologians from their Respective times and their Doctrines.

John Duns Scotus

Martin Luther
John Calvin
Friedrich Ernst Daniel
Schelemacher
 • He developed Doctrine of Justification by
Bingham
faith and sketched a scheme of universal
salvation as written in his epistle.
• Tarsus is the most important city for St.
Paul’s birth.
• It is not known if there where any churches
establish by Paul
• In 1704, P. Lucas wrote that there was a
Roman style church which had been build by
Saint Paul.

PAUL OF
TARSUS
Doctrine of Justification:
= Is a God pronouncing a sinner to be righteous because of
their faith in Jesus Christ
FACTS OF JUSTIFICATION THINGS RELATED TO
JUSTIFICATION
• Cannot be earned through the Good • The remission of the penalty of sin,
work. Which was Death.
• Is made possible in the sacrificial • The Restoration to God’s favor,
Death of Christ. becoming a Friend of God.
• Is the Gift of God give to those who • The imputation of righteousness to
receive Christ by faith. our account
• Demonstrate the Righteousness of
God
 • Origen of Alexandria AKA Origen Adamantius.
• Christian scholar, ascetic and Theologian who was
born and spent the first half of his career in
Alexandria.
• He was a prolific writer who wrote roughly 2,000
treatises in multiple branches of theology,
including textual criticism, Biblical exegesis and
biblical hermeneutics, homiletics and spirituality.
• He was one of the most influential figures in early
Christian theology, apologetics and asceticism.
• He has been described as “the greatest genius the
early churches ever produced”
Origen
Doctrine of Origen: Apokatastasis
=This doctrine, closely related to universal salvation, teaches the eventual restoration
of all things to their original state before the Fall. It suggests that even Satan and
fallen angels will ultimately be reconciled with God.

Apokatastasis;
• Restoration, re-establishment and renovation.
• Return to a previous condition
• Astronomy: Return to the same apparent position, completion of the period of
revolution think about it

Whom heaven must receive until the time for restoring all the things about
which God spoke by the mouth of his holy prophets long ago.
Acts 3:21
 • He is a founder of Augustinian Order of Father and
Doctor Of Latin church.
• Augustine is recognized as a saint in the catholic
church, the Eastern Christian church and the
Anglican communion and as a preeminent Doctor
of the church.
• He is also the patron of the Augustinians.
• His memorial is celebrated on 28th of August the
day of his death
• He believe that eternal fate of the soul is
determined at death, and that purgatorial fires of
the intermediate state purify only those who died
Saint Agustine of in communion with the Church.
Hippo
Doctrine of Free will/Dualism:
=The doctrine of free will is a philosophical and theological concept that addresses
the extent to which individuals have the ability to make choices and decisions
without being constrained by external factors or determinism.

Ethical Dualism:

Ethical dualism contrasts good and evil as two independent and opposing
forces in the universe. It suggests that moral values and principles are
inherently dualistic, with actions being categorized as either morally good or
morally evil.

Ahura Mazda (the god of good)

Angra Mainyu (the god of evil)
 • Anselm rejected the view that humanity,
through its sin, owes a debt to the Devil and
placed the essence of redemption in individual
union with Christ in the Eucharist (Lord’s
Supper), to which the sacrament of baptism (by
which a person is incorporated into the church)
opens the way.
• Anselm’s doctrine of the Atonement eventually
passed over into the theology of the Latin
church, forming the basis of both
Roman Catholic and orthodox Protestant ideas
of the work of Christ.
Saint Anselm
Doctrine of Atonement:
=Are central to Christian theology and explore the nature and significance of Jesus
Christ's sacrificial death on the cross in reconciling humanity with God. There are
several prominent theories of atonement within Christianity, each emphasizing
different aspects of Christ's work and its implications for salvation.

Atonement = AT-ONE-moMENT

• Jesus speaks of the unity of all his disciples and himself being in union as “ONE"
with his Father, Almighty God. - John 17:21
• that God was reconciling the world to himself in Christ, not counting people’s sins
against them. And he has committed to us the message of reconciliation
-2 Corinthians 5:19

• The Christian doctrine of the atonement states that Christ has atoned for human
sins.
 • Duns Scotus has had considerable influence on both
Catholic and secular thought.
• The doctrines for which he is best known are the "
univocity of being", that existence is the most abstract
concept we have, applicable to everything that exists;
the formal distinction, a way of distinguishing between
different formalities of the same thing; and the idea of
haecceity, the property supposed to be in each
individual thing that makes it an individual (i.e. a
certain “thisness”).
• Duns Scotus also developed a complex argument for
the existence of God, and argued for the
Immaculate Conception of Mary. The intellectual
John Duns Scotus tradition derived from Scotus' work is called Scotism.
Univocity Being Doctrine
• Idea that words describing the properties of God mean the same thing as
when they apply to people or things.
• It is associated with the doctrines of the Scholastic theologian
John Duns Scotus.

Key points of the doctrine of univocity of being include:

1) Consistency of Meaning: Advocates of univocity argue that the concept

of being is consistent and uniform across all entities.
The word "being" signifies existence itself, without variation or gradation in
its fundamental meaning.
2) Equal Application:
According to this doctrine, there are no different levels or types of being that
require us to use the term in different ways.
3) Philosophical Implications:
Philosophically, univocity of being emphasizes the unity of existence. It
suggests that all things share a common ontological status
4) Theological Context:
The doctrine has significant implications in theological discussions, especially
regarding the nature of God.
5) Debate and Criticism:
Critics of univocity, such as Thomas Aquinas and some contemporary
philosophers, argue for a more nuanced approach called analogical predication.
They contend that while there is a fundamental unity in the concept of being,
the way we understand and apply it varies across different levels of reality.
 • Luther's theology is rooted in a pure doctrine of
faith that must always be distinct from any
contingent notion of works-righteousness or self-
righteousness.
• He believed That God to be the fundamental
source of human worth or dignity.
• Luther's teaching, and that of the reformation, is
often summarized in three “solas.” Sola gratia,
sola fide and sola scriptura — by faith alone, by
grace alone and by scripture alone.

Martin Luther
Pure Doctrine of Faith
• Sola Scriptura ( Scripture Alone ) – All Doctrines must be directly
derived in Scripture.
• Sola Gratia ( By Grace of God Alone ) – Saved by God’s Grace.
“For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal
life in Christ Jesus our Lord – Romans 6:23”.
• Sola Fide ( By Faith Alone ) - “For it is by grace you have been
saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the
gift of God. Not by works, so that no one can boast.- Ephesians
2:8-9”
 • He considered it a great mystery, to be approached with
fear and trembling and only in the context of faith.
• Seen in this way, predestination seemed to him a
comforting doctrine; it meant that salvation would be
taken care of by a loving and utterly reliable God.
• By predestination we mean the eternal decree of God,
by which he determined with himself whatever he
wished to happen with regard to every man.
• TULIP:
 Total depravity,
 Unconditional election,
 Limited atonement,
 Irresistible grace,
 Perseverance of the saints.
John Calvin
Doctrine of Predestination
• The doctrine of predestination is a theological concept found in
various religious traditions, most notably in Calvinism within
Christianity.
• Asserts that God has already determined the fate of individuals
regarding their salvation or damnation even before they are
born.
• Predestination is the belief that God has predetermined who
will receive salvation and who will not.
• Predestination means that God predetermined the destiny of
certain individuals for salvation (election) and others for
condemnation (reprobation).
 • His doctrine concerning the rise of natural and
supernatural religions is a foretaste of the later
evolutionary theories.
• He attempt to bridge rationalism and
supernaturalism invoked the theories and the
principles which animated Ethical Culture
movements of the 20th century.
• He reinterpreted the traditional Christian doctrines
of sin, justification, Christology, Last Judgment,
hell, and heaven.
• He derived the structure of his theology from this
Friedrich Ernst Daniel
basic notion.
Schelemacher • He considered Christianity to be the highest stage
of the monotheistic urge in man.
Natural and Supernatural Doctrine
NATURAL

The term "natural doctrine" thus encompasses a range of philosophical,

theological, and legal meanings, each emphasizing different aspects of
natural order, reason, morality, or inherent characteristics of phenomena.

SUPERNATURAL

"Supernatural doctrine" typically refers to beliefs or teachings that involve

phenomena or entities considered beyond the natural world and governed
by spiritual or divine forces.
Sacred Scripture and Sacred
Traditions
Objectives:
 Identify the revelation via Scripture and Tradition
 Identify God’s revelation Through history by means of the Hebrew
(old testament)
 Identify God’s revelation through Jesus by means of the Christians
scriptures (New Testament)
 Articulate how the church models and guides via Sacred Scripture
and Sacred Traditions
 Sacred Traditions

TRADITION - Latin “tradere” – to hand on or to pass.

- Is the whole process by which the church preserves
and Hands on the faith through generation
8 Ways by which Tradition are transmitted
1. Through preaching
2. Through teaching
3. Through religious services and customs
4. Through personal communal prayers and devotion
5. Through religious laws and obligations
6. Through special days of feast and remembrance
7. Through saying and catch phrases
8. Through story telling
 Sacred Traditions
TYPES OF SACRED TRADITION:

1. Scriptural tradition. – There are traditions that take their roots in the HOLY BIBLE.
Some of those are practices and beliefs.

Example:

Baptism – “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the
name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy spirit” - Matthew 28:19

The Authority of the Pope – “I give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven.
Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven. Whatever you loose on earth shall be
loosed on heaven” - Matthew 16: 19

The Holy mass – “For as often as you eat this bread and drink this cup, you proclaim
the death of the Lord until he comes.” - 1 Corinthians 11:26
 Sacred Traditions

2.APOSTOLIC TRADITION.

• These are the teachings which the Apostles left us, not through
written scripture, but through the unbroken chain of succession of
popes, Bishops, Priest and Deacons.
• This unbroken chain in an assurance that the teaching of the
Apostles are preserve intact.
• Church teaching that are based on apostolic Tradition contained in
the Catechism of the Catholic church.
• We also have The Catechism for Filipino Catholics.
 Sacred Traditions

3. The Teaching of the Magisterium

• Magister – Teacher
• The teaching authority of the church. This is exercised by
the Pope in making solemn definitions, or by Bishop in an
Ecumenical council like Vatican 2.
• The teaching of faith are never stagnant.
• These teaching are “new” Not because they were
invented, only that they were not immediately defined.
 Sacred Scripture

“ THE IGNORANCE OF SCRIPTURE IS IGNORANCE OF CHRIST”

– ST. JEROME

Saint. Jerome.

• He believed that as a Christian, we can never come to

know and love Jesus- the living word of God incarnate-
unless we also know and love Holy-scripture-the living
word of God inspired.
 Sacred Scripture
This position of Sacred Scripture in the Church implies the following consequences:

1) The Apostles promulgated both the Old and New Testament as a

document received from God.
2) The transmission of the inspired writings consists in the delivery of
Scripture by the Apostles to their successors with the right, the duty, and
the power to continue its promulgation, to preserve its integrity and
identity, to explain its meaning, to use it in proving and illustrating Catholic
teaching, to oppose and condemn any attack upon its doctrine, or any
abuse of its meaning.
3) Scripture is a public document,
4) The Church necessarily possesses a text of Scripture, which is internally
authentic, or substantially identical with the original.
 Sacred Scripture
5) The authentic text, legitimately promulgated, is a source and rule of
faith, though it remains only a means or instrument in the hands of the
teaching body of the Church,
6) The administration and custody of Scripture is not entrusted directly to
the whole Church, but to its teaching body,
7) Though Scripture is the property of the Church alone, those outside her
pale may use it as a means of discovering or entering the Church. But
Tertullian shows that they have no right to apply Scripture to their own
purposes or to turn it against the Church.
8) The rights of the teaching body of the Church include also that of issuing
and enforcing decrees for promoting the right use, or preventing the abuse
of Scripture
 Sacred Scripture

WHAT IS THE BIBLE?

-Theword “Bible” comes from the Latin and Greek words meaning
“book,”

-Our word Bible eventually came to be used for the collection of 66 Old
and New Testament books recognized by Christians as the
canon of Scripture.

-The basis of Christianity is found in the authority of Scripture. If we

cannot identify what Scripture is, then we cannot properly distinguish
any theological truth from error.
 Sacred Scripture

WHO WROTE THE BIBLE?

- God wrote the Bible through the human authors.

-The Bible was written by different human authors, mostly

Hebrew, many of them unknown.

-The Council of the Church known as Vatican 1 declared both the

Old and New Testaments were: “written under the inspiration of
the holy Spirit, they have God as their author.”
 Sacred Scripture

HOW IS THE BIBLE DIVIDED ?

-Old testament or O.T and New testament or N.T

-The word testament means “Covenant” or “Contract”

-The old testament or Hebrew scripture compromises stories

between Yahweh and the Hebrew as revealed by Moises.

-The new testament includes stories and teaching about a new

covenant between God and humanity based.
 Sacred Scripture
Old Testament.

-Pentateuch – 1st five book – Torah stories of creation and

the nation of israel.
-Historical book – tell the story of the Israelites from their
entry into the promised land until the exile.
-Wisdom book – Israelites reflections on faith and God’s
relationship with humanity.
- Prophets – writing of those inspired to counsel and
confront the people and their leader
 Sacred Scripture
New Testament.
- Gospel account – four portraits and collection of stories and
word of Jesus.
- Acts of the Apostle – The story of the early Christian church
after the ascension of Jesus.
- Lettes
13 Pauline Epistle
7 Catholic Epistle
- Revelation – Addressed to people to experiencing persecution
and Questioning the truth of their faith-offers hope the God’s
deliverance will come as promised.
 Sacred Scripture

Canon of Sacred Scripture

-It refers to the whole of inspired scripture; the books that are
accepted as inspired by God.

 Protocanonical
 Deuterocanonical
 Apocrypha
 Sacred Scripture

 Protocanonical

-First canon, which all ancient Christian agreed, were inspired

Scripture.
-The Old Testament that are also included in the Hebrew Bible
(the Tanakh) and that came to be considered canonical during
the formational period of orthodox Christianity
 Sacred Scripture
 Deuterocanonical

-Second canon, which some Christians considered to be divinely inspired

scripture while other disagreed.
- List of deuterocanonicals
•Tobit.
•Judith.
•Baruch.
•Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus)
•1 Maccabees.
•2 Maccabees.
•Wisdom.
 Sacred Scripture

 Apocrypha

-All orthodox Christian agreed were not divinely inspired.

-Apocrypha were edifying Christian works that were not
considered canonical scripture. It was not until well after the
Protestant Reformation that the word apocrypha was used by
some ecclesiastics to mean "false," "spurious," "bad," or
"heretical."
 Sacred Scripture

Catholic Old testament canon contains 46 books, 39 canonical

books plus seven Deuterocanonical books.
Protestant and Jewish Old testament contains only the 39
canonical books.
Catholic and Protestant New testament both contain the same
27 books.
Refers to those texts considered by the church to the sacred or
inspired.
Official Catholic canon set definitively by council of trent in
1546.
Sacred Scripture
 MAJOR
RELIGION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
Major Religion in the Philippines
• Roman Catholic and Christianity, Islam , and Other
Christian Minority
• All religion in the Philippines are protected by the Law,
and no one religious belief is given priority over any
other.
Roman Catholic Christianity

-70 %
-The largest religion in the Philippines.
-This religion was introduced first through the exploration
of Ferdinand Magellan in early 1500’s.
-Magellan whose original destination was Spice Island,
Arrived in Cebu island Philippine.
-He then proceeded to make Roman Catholicism a state
religion by first converting the chief of Cebu.
Protestant Christianity

-17%
-The second largest religion in the Philippines.
-This religion was influenced by American Missionaries
after Spanish and American War in late 18th and early 19th
centuries.
-Some of other protestant Group are affiliated with the
Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches (PCEG).
-It was established Locally, without any foreign influence.
Islam

-5-10%
-The second largest religion in the Philippines.
-This religion was influenced by American Missionaries
after Spanish and American War in late 18th and early 19th
centuries.
-Some of other protestant Group are affiliated with the
Philippine Council of Evangelical Churches (PCEG).
-It was established Locally, without any foreign influence.
Iglesia ni Cristo (Philippine church of Christ)

-2%
-This religion spread through External influences.
- Philippine church of Christ originated from early 19 th
century.
-This religion Founded by Felix Manalo Ysagun, who
claimed that this sect was the true Religion of Christ.
-This church Believes in the power of scripture and
supreme God, but rejects the Doctrines of Trinitarianism.
Buddhists -2%
-This religion First spread in the Philippine in unknown
part in 6th or 7th century.
- The adherents of this religion are primarily Chinese,
Filipino-Chinese, Japanese and other middle east group.
- Buddhists do not believe in a creator God in the same
fashion Christian do.
-The main beliefs include suffering which inherent in
human existence.
Other-6.6%
-Hiduism,Judaism, the Baha’I Faith, Indigenous Belief,
and other Christians, and Atheists.
-Indigenous tradition predate the colonial religion of
islam and Christianity in the Philippines .
-The predominant views are that of Anemism.
-They belief that even non-living thing entities such as
trees and plant have spirit.
-Other Christian group Introduced by international
missionaries.
Religious Beliefs in the Philippines
Rank Religion Population ( Percentage )

1) Roman Catholic 70.0

2) Protestants 17.0
3) Other 6.6
4) Muslim 5 to 10
5) Iglesia ni Cristo 2.0
6) Buddhists 2.0
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