Human Reproduction

Male & Female Reproductive

System

-By Juber Ansari

 Introduction
• Humans are sexually reproducing and
viviparous
• Reproductive Events:
– Gametogenesis
– Insemination
– Fertilisation
– Implantation
– Gestation
– Parturition
 The Male Reproductive System
• Located in pelvis region
• Includes:
– A pair of testes
– Accessory ducts
– Glands
– & external genitalia
The Male Reproductive System
The Male Reproductive System
 The Male Reproductive System
• Testes:
– Situated outside abdominal cavity
– Within a pouch called ‘scrotum’
– It helps to maintain low temperature (2-2.5OC
lower than body temp necessary for
spermatogenesis)
– Oval in shape, 4-5cm in length & 2-3 cm in
width
– Having 250 compartments called ‘testicular
lobules’.
The Male Reproductive System
Testes
The Male Reproductive System
 Testes
• Each lobules has 1-3 highly coiled
seminiferous tubules
• Sperms are produced in these lobules
• Each Seminiferous tubules has 2 types of
cells in it
– Male germ cells (spermatogonia)
• Undergo meiotic division to form sperm
– Sertoli cells
• Provide nutrition to the germ cells
Testes
 Testes
• The region outside seminiferous tubules
called ‘Interstitial Spaces’
• It contains Interstitial Cells or Leydig
Cells
• Leydig cells synthesize testicular
hormones called ‘Androgens’
• Other immunologically competent cells are
also present
Sectional View of Seminiferous
Tubules
 Male Sex Accessory Ducts
• It includes:
– Rete testes
– Vasa efferentia
• Seminiferous tubules open into this through rete
testes
– Epididymis
• Located posterior to each testes
• Vas efferentia opens into this
• Leads to vas deferens that ascends to abdomen &
loops over the urinary bladder
– Vas deferens
The Male Reproductive System
 Male Sex Accessory Ducts
• Bladder receives ducts from seminal
vesicle & opens into urethra as the
ejaculatory ducts
• These ducts store & transport sperm from
testes to outside through urethra
• Urethra originates from bladder &
extends through penis to its external
opening called ‘urethral meatus’
The Male Reproductive System
 Male Sex Accessory Glands
• It includes:
– Paired seminal vesicles
– A prostate gland
– & paired bulbourethral glands
• Secretion of these glands constitute the
seminal plasma which is rich in fructose,
calcium & certain enzymes
• These secretions also helps in lubrication
of the penis
The Male Reproductive System
 The Penis
• It’s the male external genitalia
• Made of special tissues that helps in
erection to facilitate insemination
• Enlarged end of penis called ‘glans penis’ is
covered by loose fold of skin called
‘foreskin’
The Male Reproductive System
 The Female Reproductive System
• Includes:
– A pair of ovaries
– A pair of oviducts (fallopian tube)
– Uterus
– Cervix
– Vagina
– External genitalia
– A pair of mammary gland (support the process
of pregnancy, birth and child care
Female System
 The Female Reproductive System
• Located in Pelvic region
• Ovaries are primary female sex organs
• Produces female gamete ‘Ovum’ & several
steroid hormones (ovarian hormones)
• Located one on each side of lower
abdomen
• 2-4 cm length each
• Connected to pelvic wall & uterus by
ligaments
Section of Female Pelvis
Female System
 The Female Reproductive System
• Each ovary is covered by thin epithelium
which encloses ‘ovarian stroma’
• Stroma has 2 zones
– A peripheral cortex
– & an inner medulla
• Female accessory ducts includes:
– Oviducts
– Uterus
– Vagina
Ovary
 The Oviducts
• Fallopian tube is 10-12 cm in length &
extends from ovary to uterus
• ‘Infundibulum’ is closer to ovaries
• It posses finger like projections called
fimbriae which helps in collection of ovum
after ovulation
• Infundibulum then leads to ‘ampulla’
• Isthmus is last part which joins to uterus
Female System
 The Uterus
• Single & also called ‘womb’
• Shaped like inverted pear
• Supported by ligaments attached to pelvic
• Opens into vagina through narrow ‘Cervix’
• Cavity of cervix called ‘Cervical Canal’
which forms ‘Birth Canal’ with vagina
• Uterus has 3 layers of tissue
– Perimetrium (external thin)
– Myometrium (middle thick smooth muscles)
– Endometrium (inner glandular)
 The Uterus
• Endometrium undergo cyclic changes
during menstrual cycle
• Myometrium exhibit strong contraction
during delivery of baby
 Female External Genitalia
• It includes:
– Mons pubis (cushion of fatty tissues covered
by skin & pubic hair
– Labia majora (fleshy folds of tissue
surrounding vaginal opening)
– Labia minora (paired folds of tissue under
majora)
– Hymen (covers opening of vagina) &
– Clitoris (tiny finger like structure/ female
penis)
Female External Genitalia
 Mammary Gland
• It’s the characteristics feature of
mammals
• Paired structures (breasts) contains
glandular tissues & fats
• These tissues are divided into 15-20
mammary lobes containing clusters of cells
called ‘alveoli’
• These cells secrets milk which is stored in
cavities (lumens) of alveoli
Mammary Gland
 Mammary Gland
• Alveoli opens into mammary tubules
• Tubules opens into mammary duct
• Several mammary duct joins to form
mammary ampulla
• Mammary ampulla is connected to
‘Lectiferous duct’ through which milk is
sucked out
Mammary Gland
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