Module 1A:

HORMONES OF THE
Reproductive System
DANETA JEAN C. REALUBIN
Teacher III
RECALL…
The human body
is a biological
machine made of
body systems;
groups of organs
that work together
to produce and
sustain life.
RECALL…
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
The network of
organs and tissues
that help you
breathe.
RECALL…
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
It is made up of
blood vessels that
carry blood away
from and towards
the heart.
 PITUITARY
GLAND
THYROID GLAND &
PARATHYROID GLAND
THYMUS GLAND
PANCREAS
ADRENAL
GLANDS
OVARY/OVARIES

TESTIS/TESTICLES
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM AND
HORMONES
WHAT IS THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM?
It is a complex
network of glands
and organs.
 WHAT IS THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM?
A gland is an organ that
produces and releases
substances (HORMONES)
that perform a specific
function in the body.
 WHAT IS THE
FUNCTION OF THE
ENDOCRINE
It regulatesSYSTEM?
all biological processes in
the body:
• the metabolism and blood sugar
levels.
• development of the brain and
nervous system
• the growth and function of the
reproductive system
ENDOCRINE GLANDS VS.
EXOCRINE GLANDS

Endocrine glands
secrete their substances
directly into your
bloodstream.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS VS.
EXOCRINE GLANDS
Exocrine glands
secrete their
substances through
ducts onto your
body's surfaces.
WHAT IS HORMONES?
Hormones are your Hormones regulate
body's chemical many different
processes, such as
messengers. They travel growth and
in your bloodstream to development,
metabolism, sexual
tissues or organs. function, reproduction,
and mood.
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES RELEASED FUNCTION
HORMONES
Vasopressin Regulates blood pressure

Oxytocin Male: Contracts the vas deferens

to push sperm and semen forward
for ejection.
Female: stimulate uterine
contractions in labor and childbirth
and to stimulate contractions of
breast tissue to aid in lactation
after childbirth.
PITUITARY GLAND
“Master Gland” Growth Hormone Stimulates growth of bones and
muscles
Location: Prolactin Male: Sperm production
At the base of the brain Female: Stimulates the breast to
produce milk
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES RELEASED FUNCTION
HORMONES
Thyroid Stimulating Stimulates the Thyroid gland to
Hormone produce thyroxin
Adrenocorticotropic Stimulate your adrenal glands to
Hormone release cortisol
Follicle Stimulating Male: helps control the production
Hormone of sperm.
Female: Stimulates the breast to
produce milk
PITUITARY GLAND Luteinizing Hormone Male: Stimulates production of
testosterone
“Master Gland” Female: Stimulates ovulation
Location: Melanocyte Stimulating Protecting the skin from UV rays,
At the base of the brain Hormone development of pigmentation and
control of appetite
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
Tips for pituitary gland
health:
- Eat a balanced diet.
PITUITARY GLAND - Reduce Stress
“Master Gland”
Location:
At the base of the brain
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
HORMONES FUNCTION
RELEASED
Thyroxin Regulates body metabolism
Calcitonin Help regulate calcium levels
in your blood by decreasing
it

Tips for Thyroid Health:

THYROID GLAND 1.Maintain Healthy Iodine Levels.
Location: 2.Include Selenium-Rich Foods in Your Diet.
3.Increase Your Probiotics.
At the base of the neck 4.Cut Back on Your Sugar Intake.
in front of the trachea 5.Exercise Regularly.
6.Manage Your Stress
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
HORMONES FUNCTION
RELEASED
Parathyroid helps maintain the right
Hormone balance of calcium in the
bloodstream and in tissues
that depend on calcium for
proper functioning

PARATHYROID GLAND
Tips for Parathyroid Health:
Monitor how much calcium and vitamin D
Location: you get in your diet.
Four small glands Drink plenty of fluids.
attached to the Thyroid Exercise regularly.
Don't smoke.
Gland
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
HORMONES FUNCTION
RELEASED
Adrenaline Prepares the body for
action, controls heart rate
and breathing in
emergency times
Cortisol helps regulate your body's
ADRENAL GLANDS response to stress
Location:
Above the kidneys
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
HORMONES FUNCTION
RELEASED
Insulin Helps your body turn food
into energy and controls
your blood sugar levels

Glucagon instructs the liver to

PANCREAS release stored glucose,
which causes the body's
Location: blood sugar levels to rise
Behind the stomach
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
HORMONES FUNCTION
RELEASED
Thymosin Stimulate the production
of T cells, which are an
important part of the
immune system
assists in the
THYMUS GLAND development of B cells to
plasma cells to produce
Location: antibodies
In front of the heart
 ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR
HORMONES
HORMONES FUNCTION
RELEASED
Male: Control maturation and
Testosterone stimulates development of
sex organs and production
of sperm
Female: development of female
GONADS Estrogen traits
Location: Female: Support reproductive
Lower abdomen Progesterone function/pregnancy
DISORDER OF THE
ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM
Endocrine disease results
when a gland produces too
much or too little of an
endocrine hormone called a
hormone imbalance.
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?
Study each picture that depicts the involvement of a
particular gland in the endocrine system. Write down
the name of the gland and explain its effect according
to its function.
Example: Jumping rope
Gland: Thyroid Gland
Why? Regulates body metabolism
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?

1. Pregnant woman 2. Girl running away 3. Boy growing taller

from danger
ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?

4. Sick person 5. Girl eating sweets

 ACTIVITY
Guide questions:
1: Who’s in Control?
1. What gland controls the other glands in the body?
2. How will you differentiate thyroid and parathyroid gland in
terms of location and function?
3. If a person’s blood sugar level becomes unstable, what glands
might be involved in the problem?
4. How important is the thymus gland in keeping your body free
from diseases?
5. What will happen to a person born without a thymus gland?
6. How will you explain the sudden boost of energy, increased
strength and extraordinary ability to lift very heavy objects
especially during emergency situations?
 ACTIVITY
Guide questions:
1: Who’s in Control?
7. Why is injecting insulin an essential part of the daily regime for
most people with diabetes?
8. Why does menstrual cycle stop during menopause?
9. How do oral contraceptives, specifically birth control pills
prevent pregnancy?
10. How does babies benefit from the production of oxytocin and
prolactin in the mother’s baby?
 ASSIGNMENT:
Hormonal Imbalance
Search: Effects of too much and too little
hormones in each gland.
1. Pituitary gland
2. Thyroid gland
3. Parathyroid gland
4. Thymus gland
5. Adrenal gland
6. Pancreas
7. Testes
8. Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid gland
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism
Thymus gland
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism
Thymus gland Lymphocytosis
Adrenal gland
Testes
Ovaries
GLANDS
Hormonal
TOO MUCH
ImbalanceTOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidis
gland m
Thymus gland Lymphocytosis Immunity would be
compromised
Adrenal gland increase your risk of a heart attack or Anxiety.
stroke, and cause heart palpitations, high Depression.
blood pressure, anxiety and weight loss Headaches
Testes
Ovaries
 Hormonal Imbalance
GLANDS TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE
Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism
Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism
Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidis
gland m
Thymus gland Lymphocytosis Immunity would be
compromised
Adrenal gland increase your risk of a heart attack or Anxiety.
stroke, and cause heart palpitations, high Depression.
blood pressure, anxiety and weight loss Headaches
Testes Low sperm counts, shrinking of the testicles and impotence

Ovaries
GLANDS
Hormonal Imbalance
TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE

Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism

Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism

Thymus gland Lymphocytosis Immunity would be

compromised

Adrenal gland increase your risk of a heart attack or stroke, and cause heart Anxiety. Depression. Headaches
palpitations, high blood pressure, anxiety and weight loss

Testes decreased muscle mass, a

lowered sex drive, erectile
dysfunction (ED), and mood
changes such as irritability and
depression
Ovaries
GLANDS
Hormonal Imbalance
TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE

Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism

Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism

Thymus gland Lymphocytosis Immunity would be

compromised

Adrenal gland increase your risk of a heart attack or stroke, and cause heart Anxiety. Depression. Headaches
palpitations, high blood pressure, anxiety and weight loss

Testes decreased muscle mass, a

lowered sex drive, erectile
dysfunction (ED), and mood
changes such as irritability and
depression
Ovaries
GLANDS
Hormonal Imbalance
TOO MUCH TOO LITTLE

Pituitary gland Gigantism, Acromegaly Dwarfism

Thyroid gland Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism

Parathyroid gland Hyperparathyroidism Hypoparathyroidism

Thymus gland Lymphocytosis Immunity would be

compromised

Adrenal gland increase your risk of a heart attack or stroke, and cause heart Anxiety. Depression. Headaches
palpitations, high blood pressure, anxiety and weight loss

Testes decreased muscle mass, a

lowered sex drive, erectile
dysfunction (ED), and mood
changes such as irritability and
depression
Ovaries
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?

1. Pregnant woman 2. Girl running away 3. Boy growing taller

Ovaries-Secrete from danger Pituitary Gland-Produces
progesterone and Adrenal Gland-Produce growth hormone
estrogen to promote adrenaline for action
pregnancy response
ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?

4. Sick person 5. Girl eating sweets

Thymus Gland- Secrete Pancreas – Secretes
thymosin to stimulate insulin that regulates
production of B cells blood sugar level
for antibodies
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?
Guide questions:
1. What gland controls the other glands in the body?
- The pituitary gland controls the output of the
other glands.
2. How will you differentiate thyroid and parathyroid
gland in terms of location and function?
- The thyroid gland produces hormone to decrease
blood calcium while parathyroid gland produces
hormone to increase blood calcium.
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?
3. If a person’s blood sugar level becomes unstable, what
glands might be involved in the problem?
-Pancreas is responsible in regulating the blood sugar level.
4. How important is the thymus gland in keeping your body
free from diseases?
- The Thymus produces Thymosin responsible to produce
antibodies.
5. What will happen to a person born without a thymus gland?
- The person will not develop an adaptive immune system and
may die.
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?
6. How will you explain the sudden boost of energy, increased
strength and extraordinary ability to lift very heavy objects
especially during emergency situations?
- The adrenal gland produces adrenaline that enables to
respond to action or emergency.
7. Why is injecting insulin an essential part of the daily regime
for most people with diabetes?
- The pancreas of a diabetic person can’t produce insulin
which regulates blood sugar level.
 ACTIVITY 1: Who’s in Control?
8. Why does menstrual cycle stop during menopause?
- Aging changes hormone level which will lead to stop the
menstrual cycle.
9. How do oral contraceptives, specifically birth control pills
prevent pregnancy?
- Birth control pills contain hormones that control the
functioning of the ovaries and the uterus.
10. How does babies benefit from the production of oxytocin
and prolactin in the mother’s baby?
- Oxytocin and prolactin enable milk production.
 BIOLOGY AND
PHYSIOLOGY OF
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 WHAT IS THE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM? •It is the human organ system
responsible for the production and
fertilization of gametes (sperm or
eggs) and, in females, the carrying
of a fetus.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FUNCTION: ANATOMY
1. Produces female sex
cells.
2. Receives sperm cells.
3. Nurtures the
development of and
provides nourishment
for the baby.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY
OVARIES
Main female sex organs

Produces female gametes (egg

cells) and female sex hormones.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY

UTERUS
Also called the womb.
The uterus is hollow and holds
the fetus during pregnancy.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY
FALLOPIAN TUBES

It connects the ovaries to

the uterus. It is where
fertilization takes place.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY
FERTILIZATION

The sperm and egg

unite in one of the
fallopian tubes to form a
zygote
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY
CERVIX
It connects the uterus and vagina.
It allows menstrual blood out and
semen into the uterus. The cervix
remains closed during pregnancy
but can expand dramatically
during childbirth.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
ANATOMY
VAGINA
It connects the cervix to the
external body. It is also called
the "birth canal". It also serves
as the pathway of menstruation
and is where the penis deposits
semen during sexual
intercourse.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY

TESTICLE
It produces male
gametes (sperm)
and male sex
hormones.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY

EPIDIDYMIS
It is the storage and
maturation of the
sperm cells.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY

VAS DEFERENS
The passage of the
semen from the
testes going to the
urethra.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
URETHRA
The urethra is a duct, or tube, that
transports fluids from the inside of the
body to the outside.
It is also connected to the “accessory
glands,” which produce semen, and to
the vas deferens, the duct that brings the
sperm from the epididymis.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
PENIS
In its reproductive
capacity, the urethral
opening at the tip of the
penis delivers sperm into
the vagina. Urine also
flows out of the body
through the urethral
opening.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ANATOMY
SCROTUM
The testicles are covered by a
pouch of skin called the
scrotum. It also controls the
temperature of the testes since
they have to be at a slightly
lower temperature
than the body temperature for
suitable sperm creation.
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REPRODUCTIVE
HORMONES
 WHAT ARE
SEX HORMONES?
Sex hormones play a key role in reproduction and sexual
development. The sex hormones are generally involved in
the following:
• Reproduction and sexual development
• Puberty
• Inflammatory responses
• Promoting hair growth
• Regulating cholesterol levels
• Body fat distribution
The levels of sex hormones keep fluctuating the entire
life. These fluctuations can lead to health issues such as
hair loss, bone loss, infertility, etc.
There are several factors that affect the levels of these
hormones. These include:
• Age
• Menstruation
• Menopause
• Stress
• Medications
 FEMALE SEX HORMONES
ESTROGEN TESTOSTERON
PROGESTERONE E
Released by the ovaries. A very small amount of
Released by the ovaries, The adrenal glands and fat testosterone is produced
adrenal glands, and cells release small in females. It affects
placenta. It stabilizes the estrogen. It is responsible menstruation, fertility,
menstrual cycle and for sexual and RBC production, and
prepares the body for reproductive development bone and tissue mass.
pregnancy. during puberty.
 MALE SEX HORMONES
TESTOSTERONE
It is the only male sex hormone responsible for sexual
and reproductive development. It belongs to a class of
male hormones called androgens that are also known
as steroids. It is mainly produced in the testes with a
very small amount produced in the adrenal glands.
 MALE SEX HORMONES
TESTOSTERONE
Testosterone production is controlled by the
hypothalamus and pituitary gland. It is responsible for
the development of male sex organs during birth and
the development of secondary sexual characteristics
during puberty.
 FUNCTION OF SEX HORMONES
PUBERTY
In males, the appearance of facial
hair, and hair growth on the chest
and pubic region begins. While in
females, the development of
mammary glands and onset of
menstruation occurs during puberty.
REPRODUCTION
The organ to which the hormone is
targeted is called the target organ (target
site). The target site and the hormones
correspond to each other; hormones are
highly specific in their action. The
hormones act on their target site and
lead to reproductive changes in us.
Create an essay, poster or slogan
about the importance of
Reproductive Health Law of the
Philippines.