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1. Bhaishajya Kalpana Itihas Evum Kramika Vikasa
1. Bhaishajya Kalpana Itihas Evum Kramika Vikasa
Bheşaja-
“रोगभयं जयतीति भेषजम् | भेषं रोगं जयतीति औषधम् इत्यमर: ||” (Sabdakalpadruma)
First let us see that how these two words can be separately defined.
Auşadha –
ओसो नाम रस: , सो अस्यां धीयते यत् तद् ओषधि: |
Osa means 'rasa'; this 'rasa' is the inherent property of a 'dravya'; and judicious
use of this 'rasa' lends health.
Therefore, the dravya which does 'rasadharana'(drug that withhold rasa in it) is
'auşadha' or 'ausadha dravya'
Bheşaja-
भिषग्विज्ञाननेयत्वाद् भेषजं भिषजो विदु: |
Auşadha Bheşaja
"Sarvadravyam ausadhattvam''; all the raw Different formulations prepared out of these
herbal drugs available on earth are herbal drugs may be considered as bhesaja'
considered 'ausadha'
The auşadha' are meant particularly for The term bheşaja' encompasses both'
treatment purpose; auşadha' and ähära' dravya
Ausadha dravya can be known to common Bhesaja (prepared medicine) can be known
people other than physician. only by physician (bhisak).
Cikitsä-synonyms
चिकित्सितं व्याधिहरं पथ्यं साधनमौषधम् | प्रायश्र्चित्तं प्रशमनं प्रकृ तिस्थापनं हितम् ||
Kalpanā is the 'yojana' (the plan or the strategy) developed for the preparation of a
medicines.
Significance of Bhaişajya Kalpanā
This science explains various methods of processing a
drug in order to make the drug;
• More palatable;
Netra, nasya, basti, madya, vați, guțikā, guggulu, sneha, etc kalpanā
are found in vogue in this book. It has also explained many numbers
of 'ähāra kalpana' like krśarā, odana, takra, pūpa, pūpalikā, lājā,
śaşkuli etc.
2. Suśruta Samhitā:
This book belongs to 2 century A.D. written by 'Maharşi Suśruta'. Pratisamskarana
of the book was done by 'Acārya Nāgārjuna' in 4h century. In addition, 'pātha
śuddhikarana' was done by 'Acārya Candrața' in 10 century A.D. This book also
has 5 sthänas and 120 chapters in it.
Sthāna Number of Chapters
1. Sūtra sthāna 46
1. Nidăna sthāna 16
1. Sārīra sthāna 10
1. Cikitsā sthāna 40
1. Kalpa sthāna 8
"Suśruta Samhita' is the book placed after Caraka Samhita in
chronological order. It has of course all the established kalpanās
of 'Caraka Samhita' along with some additional knowledge.
Suśruta adds kşira (milky exudates of the plants) to the list of
five 'kaşaya kalpana' explained by Caraka and explains six kaşäya
kalpanās as below. (Su. Su. 44/91)
Kşira, swarasa, kalka, śrta, sita, cūrņa are six 'kaşãya kalpana' of
Maharşi Suśruta. However, his opinion of six 'kaşāya kalpanā'
seems inappropriate as the 'ksira (milky exudate of the plants)
kalpanā' can be merged in 'swarasa kalpaņā' and 'curna' under
'kalka kalpanā'.
He is the first person to emphasize more on 'ksāra kalpanā'. In
his opinion, there is no specific time duration for collection of
drugs used for "kşära preparation'.
Suśruta has included many numbers of 'auşadha-āhāra kalpana'
in his book. While explaining about collection of animal origin
drugs like milk, urine, hair, nail, blood etc he puts forward a
theory that they are to be collected after food taken by animal
is properly digested.
Taila, avaleha, ghrta, älepa, utkārikā, ayaskrti, kşārasūtra, madya
etc auşadha kalpāna and kūrcikā, odana, khanda, manda, peyã,
yavāgū, vilepī, prthuka, yüşa, rasāla, räga-sādava, veśavāra etc
ahära kalpanā are explained by 'Maharşi Suśruta'.
3. Aştănga Sangraha:
Vrddha Vāgbhața wrote this book in 6"century A.D. with 6
Sthānas and 150 chapters.
Sthāna Number of
Chapters
Sūtra sthāna 40
Sārira sthāna 12
Nidāna sthāna 16
Cikitsā sthāna 24
Kalpa sthāna 8
Uttara sthäna 50
4. Aştānga Hrdaya:
This book with 6 Sthanas and 120 chapters again was
written by 'Acarya Laghu Vägbhața'.
The methodical and rational way of explanation about the concepts of Bhaişajya
Kalpanā has made this Samhitā, as the sole referral book for this particular subject.
Even today with all advancements in the field of modern pharmaceutical world, the
concepts of 'Bhaişajya Kalpanā' are strongly rooted in this book.
Pūrva khanda (7 chapters) includes paribhāsā Prakaraņa
(definitions) along with the basics principles of the subject
explained in very concise manner.
Madhyama khanda (12 chapters) has in it all the kalpanā
(dosage forms) explained in details. It also deals with dhātu
(metals and minerals) śodhana and rasa prakaraņa in addition.
Uttara khanda is devoted to the concepts of pancakarma cikitsa
explained in 13 chapters. It has lepa prakaraņa (ointments)
explained in 11 chapter.
6. Chakradatta:
This book belongs to 11th century AD. It was written by 'Ācārya
Śrī Cakrapānidatta'. It has 78 chapters in it and is not divided into
any parts.
Śrī Cakrapānidatta is the first person to explain the internal use of
'parpați kalpanā' in 85th to 91"śloka of 4t"chapter 'Grahaņi
Cikitsā'.
This book has the first Hindi commentary by name
'Padārthabodhini written by Vaidya Ravidatta Shastry, another
commentary by name Ratnaprabhā' (in Sanskrit) by Niścalakara
of 12 centuries based on which Śri Šivadāsasena wrote another
gloss called Tätparyacandrikā in 15 centuries.
The actual name of the book is 'Cikitsā Sangraha' but to distinguish
the book from another work of almost same name 'Cikitsä Sāra
Sangraha' by Sri Vaidyasena', it is familiarly known by its author's
name.
This referral book is a cikitsā-pradhäna grantha. It is known for its
simple and uncomplicated writing. Many formulations mentioned in
the book are very easy preparations to follow, prepare, and use. The
book begins with first chapter 'Jwaracikitsä-prakaraņam' and the
'Susthādhikara' which is explained after 77th chapter
'Sirāvyadhyādhikāra'.
This book incorporates numerous new formulae. Besides
innumerable herbal drug formulations, many metallurgic
preparations are also quoted in this book.
4. Modern period-
Modern era can be considered from 19th century, particularly the latter half of
19th century (post-independence time period).
Modern period has seen a real boom in the field of Ayurvedic pharmaceutics.
Presently the whole world is accepting and looking at the products of Ayurveda
with trust and curiosity.
In olden day's Vaidyas of Ayurveda used to instantly prepare the medicines
required in smaller quantities for a particular patient or two. However, that does
not remain a main line practice now.
Ever increasing urbanization and more dependency on readymade
preparations has amplified the demand of Äyurveda products in many folds. As a
result, the physicians of Ayurveda are compelled to depend on readymade
preparations from different pharmaceutical companies.
Innumerable number of minor and mightier companies have stepped
into the preparation of Ayurveda medicines in this modern era. There
are significant advancements in manufacturing units of present day.
Inculcation of newly developed machineries for the purpose of easy,
hygienic, and rapid production of different dosage forms indicates the
healthy growth of this branch in Ayurveda.
The concept of standardization keeping modern parameters as base
has brought up newer challenges in this field.
Raw material standardization, standardization of manufacturing
methods and standardization of furnished products are the three
major strides to come up with the standard pharmaceutical products
of worldwide acceptance.
However, standardization of herbal drugs, which are most complex
naturally is the thing easier said than done. Acceptability of any
product depends on the prescribed standards of the same. Therefore,
the need of the hour is the 'standardization'. This standardization is
required to;
• To rule out the state of uncertainty about identification and use of raw
drugs;