SCIENCE

M.Mujtaba,Ebad,Wahab,Kumail,and,Abdulaziz

VII-
CONTENT:
PERISCOPES:
1. What Is Periscope?
2. Mechanisms of periscopes
3. How to use a periscope
4. Uses of a periscopes
5. Types of periscopes
0 What is a periscope
Definition: An optical device equipped with a

1
sophisticated arrangement of lenses and mirrors
designed to provide an unobstructed view for an
observer situated in enclosed or hidden spaces, such
as inside a submerged submarine, where visibility
would otherwise be limited or obstructed. This
advanced optical apparatus allows the observer to
overcome environmental obstacles and survey the
surroundings with enhanced clarity and precision,
enabling them to navigate effectively and make
informed decisions based on the visual information
gathered through the complex optical system.
0 The Mechanisms
2 of a Periscope
A periscope, a fascinating optical device, operates through
an intricate interplay of prisms, lenses, or mirrors,
ingeniously designed to redirect images discreetly within a
tubular structure. The functionality of this apparatus is
illuminated when light emanating from a remote object
encounters the upper mirror, which promptly redirects it
downward at a precise 90-degree angle, allowing for
remote observation or surveillance with seamless precision.
03How to use a periscope:
As light journeys from a faraway object, it travels
through space until it reaches the periscope where
it encounters the top mirror. Upon reaching the top
mirror, the light changes direction, obeying the laws
of reflection, and travels at a precise 90-degree
angle downwards through the periscope tube.
Continuing its path, the light then strikes another
mirror located at the bottom of the periscope,
where it undergoes another reflection process.
Finally, after the second reflection, the light is
directed towards the viewer's eye, allowing them to
perceive the image of the distant object.
04Uses of Periscope
In addition to offering the advantage of viewing objects that are not directly
in one's line of sight, periscopes serve a variety of functions across different
industries. Notably, they play a crucial role in submarine operations by
enabling personnel to gauge the proximity of torpedoes and strategize the
timing of attacks effectively. Moreover, in the context of nuclear reactors,
periscopes monitor chemical reactions occurring within the reactor
environment. Within military settings, periscopes facilitate discreet
observation from concealed locations, offering a tactical advantage. While
periscopes are invaluable for reconnaissance, it is important to note that
their usage is limited to one person at a time, which can be a potential
drawback in certain scenarios. Furthermore, tanks and armored vehicles
rely on periscopes to inspect their surroundings visually, enhancing the
situational awareness of personnel inside the vehicle.
 05)Types of
Periscopes
A Simple Periscope is characterized by its reliance solely on mirrors to reflect light.
These basic periscopes serve their purpose effectively through the use of mirrored
surfaces for light reflection. In contrast, Complex Periscopes enhance their light
reflection capabilities by incorporating prisms into the design. By incorporating
prisms alongside mirrors, Complex Periscopes can achieve more intricate reflection
patterns, contributing to a higher level of optical sophistication. The addition of
prisms to the design allows Complex Periscopes to manipulate and redirect light in
a more versatile manner, resulting in refined visual outcomes. This key distinction
in functionality sets apart Complex Periscopes from their simpler counterparts,
showcasing the ability to harness multiple reflective elements for enhanced optical
performance.