Mathematics in Nature

FIBONACCI SEQUENCE
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
Preliminary Activity:
A. Find the next number in the following sequences.
1. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ______
2. 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, _____
3. 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, _____
4. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, _____
B. Solve the problems below.
1. What is the 25th term in the sequence 4, 9, 14, 19, 24,…?
2. What is the 10th term in the sequence 4, 12, 36, 108,
324,…?
3. What is the 26th term in the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
21,…?

C. Give an example of a pattern that occurs in nature but does not involve
numbers. Give your answer in not more than 5 sentences.
 The Fibonacci numbers are

0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21 ... (add

the last two to get the next)

It is called the Fibonacci

series after Leonardo
Fibonacci.
The "shallow diagonals" of Pascal's
triangle
Equals
Fibonacci numbers.
The Fibonacci numbers are
studied as part of number
theory and have applications
in the counting of
mathematical objects such
as sets, permutations and
sequences and to computer
science.
FIBONACCI
SEQUENCE IS ALSO
SEEN IN RABIT
MULTIPLICATION
Watch the video Nature and Numbers:
Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kkGeOWYOFoA
Fibonacci Fingers?

Every human has two hands and each one

of these has five fingers. Each finger has
three parts which are separated by two
knuckles. All of these fit into the sequence.
•The Fibonacci numbers are Nature's
numbering system.
•They appear everywhere in Nature,
from the leaf arrangement in plants, to
the pattern of the florets of a flower,
pinecone, or the scales of a pineapple.
•The Fibonacci numbers are therefore
pertinent to the growth of every living
thing, including a single cell, a hive of
bees, and a grain of wheat.
If we take the ratio of two successive
numbers in Fibonacci's series, (1, 1, 2, 3,
5, 8, 13, ..) and we divide each by the
number before it, we will find the
following series of numbers:
1/1 = 1, 2/1 = 2, 3/2 = 1·5, 5/3 =
1·666..., 8/5 = 1·6, 13/8 = 1·625, 21/13
=
1·61538... The ratio is called the golden
ratio. It has a value of approximately
1·618034 and is denoted by the Greek
letter phi.
Flowers often have a Fibonacci
number of petals, daisies can
have 34, 55 or even as many as
89 petals!
. Two quantities are in the
golden ratio if the ratio between the sum of those quantities
and the larger one is the same as the ratio between the larger one
and the smaller
a b

a+b

a+b a
= = φ
a b
φ= 1+√5 = 1.618
2
One interesting thing about Phi
is its reciprocal
1/φ = 1/1.618 = 0.618.
It ishighly unusual for the
decimal integers of a number
and its reciprocal to be exactly
the same.
BINET’S FORMULA
 Sunflower
head
displaying
florets in
spirals of
34 and 55
around the
outside

The beautiful spirals of the sun flower

head reveal the astonishing double
connection with the Fibonacci series
One-
petalled

Two-petalled flowers
Three petals

Five petals - there are

hundreds of species,
both wild and
cultivated, with five
petals.
Eight-petalled flowers are not
so common as five-petalled,
but there are quite a number
of well-known species with
eight petals.
Thirteen,
.
..

Twenty-one

34 petals
The florets within this cluster are
arranged spirally. Typically each floret
is oriented toward the next by
approximately the golden angle,
producing a pattern of interconnecting
spirals where the number of left
spirals and the number of right spirals
are successive Fibonacci numbers.
Fibonacci numbers can also be seen
in the arrangement of seeds on flower heads

This poppy seed head has 13 ridges on top

some plants
branch in such
a way that
they always
have a
Fibonacci
number of
growing points.
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN PLANTS

many plants show

the Fibonacci
numbers in the
arrangements of
the leaves around
their stems.
Pine cones show the Fibonacci Spirals
The scales are
spirally
arranged in
fibonacci
number ratios.
Here is a curve which crosses the X-
axis at the Fibonacci numbers
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE IN VEGETABLES
The Fibonacci numbers play a significant
role in nature and in art and
architecture.
The adjacent picture
shows a design
featuring the
pentagons and
hexagons used in the
Mosque. which were
developed out of the
connections between
the Fibonacci
series,and the Golden
Proportion.
The sequence has been used in the
design of a building,
 The golden rectangle has the property
that it can be further subdivided in to two
portions a square and a golden rectangle
This smaller rectangle can similarly be
subdivided in to another set of smaller
golden rectangle and smaller square.
And this process can be done repeatedly
to produce smaller versions of squares
and golden rectangles
Golden Rectangle
 Golden Spiral
Start with the smallest one on the
right connect the lower right
corner to the upper right corner
with an arc that is one fourth of a
circle. Then continue your line in
to the second square on the with
an arc that is one fourth of a
circle , we will continue this
process until each square has an
arc inside of it, with all of them
connected as a continues line.
The line should look like a spiral
when we are done .
 Golden Triangle
The Golden
triangle is a special
isosceles triangle.
The top angle is
360 while the
bottom two
angles are 720
each
Logarithmic Spiral
The golden triangle is used to form
a logarithmic spiral. By bisecting the
base angles, a new point is created
that in turn, makes another golden
triangle.[3]The bisection process can
be continued infinitely, creating an
infinite number of golden triangles.
A logarithmic spiral can be drawn
through the vertices. This spiral is
also known as an equiangular spiral,
a term coined by René Descartes. "If
a straight line is drawn from the pole
to any point on the curve, it cuts the
curve at precisely the same angle,"
hence equiangular.[4]
The series can be extended and the numbers can be found directly by applying this
formula-Fn-2=Fn-Fn-1
UNIT EXERCISE
 : Exercise 1. Shall be individual activity
1. Give five examples of patterns that occur in nature
but does not involve numbers. Example: The
pattern that goes with the number of petals in most
of the flowers follow a Fibonacci number.
2. Use the golden ratio to divide the line segment L
with length of 12 units into two segments L1 and L2.
Specify the lengths rounded off to two decimal
places.

3. Construct a golden rectangle with up to 13 by 13

square units.
4. Construct a logarithmic spiral using golden
rectangles with sides measuring 4 units.
Exercise 2. Shall be Dyadic or Group activity

Group the students into five. Make a report about activities below.

1. Assess the symmetry of your body measurements by computing the

proportions of your body using phi. Do the same with your facial
measurements.
2. Assess the symmetry of plants like segments of branches, trunks or
leaves.
3. Find patterns within the community that involve Fibonacci sequence
and make a reflection right after.