Basic Electrical

Components
 Transformers
 Capacitors (Condenser)
 Thermionic Valves
 Semiconductors
 Devices For Regulation of current
Rheostat
 Electromagnetic induction

Faraday was the first to show that electricity can be obtained from
magnetism.
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an
electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing
magnetic field.
 Whenever there was a relative
movement between magnet and
coil, there was induced current.
 The current was induced in the
circuit as a result of wire being cut
by magnetic flux lines when either
the magnet or coil moved.
 An electromagnetic force is induced
whenever there is a changing
magnetic flux in a circuit.
Transformer

 A transformer is an electric device

which is used for changing the a.c.
voltages and to render the current
earth-free
 A transformer is used to increase the
voltage at the power generating station
( step up ) and used to decrease the
voltage ( step down)
 Works on the principles of
electromagnetic induction
Construction

 Consist of two coils ( primary and secondary) of insulated wire wound onto a
laminated soft iron frame.
 Two coils may be wound on the top of one another on central bar or on
opposite side of the frame
 Frame is usually rectangular in shape
 One coil usually contain more turns than other
Working

 An alternating current is passed through primary coil which sets up magnetic

field which cut the secondary coil
 Electromotive force is induced in secondary coil due to change in magnetic
field of primary coil.
 For an electromotive force to be induced, current should be a.c.
 No electrical connection between two coils both are insulated from each
other, current is induced via electromagnetic induction
Types

 Static Transformer ( step up, step down and even ratio transformer)
 Variable transformer
 Autotransformer
Step up transformer
 Number of turns in primary coil is
less than that in secondary coil
 Converts the low voltages into
high voltages
 Primary coil is made of thick
insulated copper wire with less
number of turns
 Secondary coil is made of thin
insulated copper wire with larger
number of turns
Step down transformer
 Number of turns in primary coil is
larger than that in secondary coil
 Converts the high voltages into low
voltages
 Secondary coil is made of thick
insulated copper wire with less number
of turns
 Primary coil is made of thin insulated
copper wire with larger number of
turns
 Variable transformer
 That can put out different amount of
voltage from the same input voltage
 Tapings may be provided so that either
primary or secondary coil can be varied in
length
 To use the same apparatus on supply of
different voltages by varying number of
turns
 Higher the voltage of supply the more turns
of wire are included in primary coil
 Care should be taken to see that control is
in right position for supply used
Tapings may be taken from different points on
secondary coil to supply different voltages to
separate circuits in same apparatus
 Used to speed up and slow down electric
motor
 Make lights dimmer and brighter
Autotransformer
 Consist of a single coil of insulated
wire wound over laminated soft iron
core
 Tapped at two points , C and D
 When used as a step up transformer,
coil between C and D act as primary
and A and B act as secondary and vice
versa
 It has certain disadvantages
 It can be used inly for a small step up
and down in voltage
 Do not make current earth free in
secondary coil
Functions

 To render the current earth free: The main

current passes through primary coil induces electromotive force in secondary
coil, as there is no electric connection between primary and secondary coil,
which has no connection to earth so render the current earth free
 If connection between earth and secondary coil made, no current passes to
earth as circuit is not complete, so no earth shock occur

 To alter the voltage of an alternating

current: via step up and step down transformer
 Electromotive force induced in secondary coil is directly proportional to
number of turns in this coil
Capacitor
What is Capacitance?

 Capacitance is the ability of a device to store electrical

energy in an electrostatic field.

 Or the ability of a component to store an electrical charge.

 The Symbol for Capacitance is “C”

 Capacitance is measured in Farads(F).
 The Farad is too large for ordinary use so typically the
Microfarad of the Pico Farad are used.
 µF= Microfarad µF= 0.000,001F
 pF= Picofarad pF= 0.000,000,000,001F
 Also referred to as a Condenser
 It is a device for storing electric charge.
 Capacitors consist of two conducting surfaces separated by
an insulator.
Capacitors, electric field

 The electric field between the plates

of a charged capacitor tend to take the
shortest route
 The electric field repel one another
 The electric field travel on straight line
Capacitor, oscillator circuit
 An oscillatory circuit is that of a condenser and an
induction coil in low ohmic resistance
Capacitors, Types

Fixed Capacitors
The capacitance cannot
be changed
 Electrolytic
 Electrostatic
Mica
Ceramic
Paper
 Variable Capacitors
 the capacitance can be changed

 Air capacitors
 trimmers
Thank You
Thermionic Valves
 These are devices which
allows electron flow in one
direction and not in reverse
direction
 Diode Valve
 Consists of an evacuated glass tube –
sealed 2 separate electrodes
 cathode-(filament) heated to produce
space charge of electrons
 anode-(plate) attracts electrons across
the valve
 Electrons pass only from cathode to
anode as there is no space charge
around the cold anode.
 To reduce time lag of thermionic
emission, cathode is heated by other
circuit or coated with thorium oxide
which releases electrons at low temp.
 Triode-grid / Triode Valve
 It is possible , using an
external circuit to make
the grid.
 Grid neutral-no change of
flow – no flow of electrons
 Grid positive-attract
electrons-allows flow
through valve
 Grid negative-repel
electron to stop the flow
 Valve act as switch or
regulator
 Uses:
 Rectification: as current flows in one direction it is
possible to convert an Alternate current (AC) to Direct
current (DC).
 Amplifier: triode valve can be used as electronic amplifier
 Switch: triode valve can be used to break the circuit.
Semiconductors
 Semiconductors are the materials which have
a conductivity between conductors (generally
metals) and non-conductors or insulators.
 A substance that can conduct electricity is called the
conductor and a substance that cannot conduct
electricity is known as the insulator.
 Semiconductors have properties that sit between the
conductor and insulator. A diode, integrated circuit (IC)
and transistor are all made from semiconductors.
 Holes and electrons are the types of charge carriers for
the flow of current in semiconductors.
 Holes are the positively charged electric charge carrier
whereas electrons are the negatively charged particles.
 Both electrons and holes are equal in magnitude but
opposite in polarity.
 An N-type semiconductor carries current mainly in the
form of negatively charged electrons similar to the
conduction of current in a wire.
 A P-type semiconductor carries current predominantly as
electron deficiencies called holes. A hole has a positive
electric charge, equal and opposite to the charge on an
electron.
 In a semiconductor material, the flow of holes occurs in a
direction opposite to the flow of electrons.
Transistors
 Transistors are electrical
components of P- and N-type
semiconductor materials.
 Allows a small ‘bias’ current
applied to thin central wafer
of semiconductor to produce
a large amplification of
current flowing across the
transistor. This cause power
gain in the circuit.
 Electrons entering the transistor – emitter
 Central part – base
 Electrons are leave – collector

 Transistors are small and allow machines to reduce in size

and weight
 Rectification of current –through two diode valves or
semiconductors
 Choke coils & capacitors –smoothening of current.
Rheostat
 Used to regulate current by altering either the resistance of the circuit or the
potential in part of the circuit.
 Construction – consists of a coil of high resistance wire wound onto an
insulating block with each turn insulated from adjacent turns. Contact is
made via a strip from which the insulation has been removed. The contact is
mounted either on a straight sliding bar or on a pivot turned by a knob.
 Types

 Variable resistance or series rheostat

 Rheostat is wired in series with the apparatus
 Ohm’s law states – the current in a circuit is inversely
proportional to the resistance of circuit.
 If all coils of wire in rheostat are included in the circuit,
so resistance is maximum and current will be low. As the
contact moves reducing the number of turns of wire
included in circuit, the circuit increases.
 In this type the current flow cant be reduce to zero so
cant be applied directly to patient
 Degree of heating is high eg. wax bath
 Stabilising rheostat on ultraviolet lamps
 Potentiometer or shunt rheostat
Thank You
 It Is wired across a source of potential difference and any
other circuit has to be taken off in parallel to it.
 Ohm’s law – greater the potential difference across a
resistance the greater the current produced.
 This type of current is used directly to a patient as current
intensity can be increased gradually from zero to
maximum