PROJECT COVER PAGE (CA1)

TOPIC- Black body radiation and its application

• NAME- SOUMI HAZRA

• CLASS ROLL NO- 28
• UNIVERSITY ROLL NO- 14230823053
• STREAM- CSE(AIML)
• SUBJECT- ENGINEERING PHYSICS
• SUBJECT CODE- BS-PH101
 TEAM MEMBERS

TRINANJAN SAHA(ROLL: 23)

SOUMI HAZRA(ROLL: 28)
RAJ GHORUI(ROLL: 26)
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• PLANCK’S LAW
• WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW
• STEFAN’S BOLTZMANN LAW
• APPLICATION IN ASTROPHYSICS
• PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 INTRODUCTION

DEFINATION OF BLACK BODY RADIATION

• Black-body radiation is the thermal electromagnetic radiation within, or surrounding, a body in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its environment, emitted by a black body (an idealized opaque, non-reflective body). It has a
specific, continuous spectrum of wavelengths, inversely related to intensity, that depend only on the body's temperature,
which is assumed, for the sake of calculations and theory, to be uniform and constant. A perfectly insulated enclosure which
is in thermal equilibrium internally contains blackbody radiation, and will emit it through a hole made in its wall, provided
the hole is small enough to have a negligible effect upon the equilibrium.
• The thermal radiation spontaneously emitted by many ordinary objects can be approximated as blackbody radiation.
• Of particular importance, although planets and stars (including the Earth and Sun) are neither in thermal equilibrium with
their surroundings nor perfect black bodies, blackbody radiation is still a good first approximation for the energy they emit.
The Sun's radiation, after being filtered by the Earth's atmosphere, thus characterises "daylight", which humans (also most
other animals) have evolved to use for vision.
• A black body at room temperature (23 °C (296 K; 73 °F)) radiates mostly in the infrared spectrum, which cannot be
perceived by the human eye, but can be sensed by some reptiles. As the object increases in temperature to about 500 °C
(773 K; 932 °F), the emission spectrum gets stronger and extends into the human visual range, and the object appears dull
red. As its temperature increases further, it emits more and more orange, yellow, green, and blue light (and ultimately
beyond violet, ultraviolet).
Tungsten filament lights have a continuous black body spectrum with a cooler color temperature, around 2,700 K (2,430 °C;
4,400 °F), which also emits considerable energy in the infrared range. Modern-day fluorescent and LED lights, which are more
efficient, do not have a continuous black body emission spectrum, rather emitting directly, or using combinations of phosphors
that emit multiple narrow spectrums
Black holes are near-perfect black bodies in the sense that they absorb all the radiation that falls on them. It has been proposed
that they emit blackbody radiation (called Hawking radiation) with a temperature that depends on the mass of the black hole.
The term black body was introduced by Gustav Kirchhoff in 1860. Blackbody radiation is also called thermal radiation, cavity
radiation, complete radiation or temperature radiation.

Theory of Blackbody Radiation

It states that electromagnetic radiation from heated bodies is not
emitted as a continuous flow but is made up of discrete units or
quanta of energy, the size of which involves a fundamental
physical constant (Planck’s constant).
Mathematically,
The equation of plank constant is given by
 PLANCK’S LAW
In physics, planck's law (also planck radiation law ) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium at a given temperature T, when there is no net flow
of matter or energy between the body and its environment.
Every physical body spontaneously and continuously emits electromagnetic radiation and the spectral radiance of a body, bν,
describes the spectral emissive power per unit area, per unit solid angle and per unit frequency for particular radiation frequencies.
The relationship given by planck's radiation law, given below, shows that with increasing temperature, the total radiated energy of
a body increases and the peak of the emitted spectrum shifts to shorter wavelengths.According to planck's distribution law, the
spectral energy density (energy distribution) at given temperature
is given by (SI units):

Alternatively, the law can be expressed for the spectral radiance

Of a body for frequency ν at absolute temperature T
(in the cgs units) given as:
 WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW
Wien's displacement law states that the black-body radiation curve for different temperatures will peak at
different wavelengths that are inversely proportional to the temperature. The shift of that peak is a direct
consequence of the planck radiation law, which describes the spectral brightness or intensity of black-body
radiation as a function of wavelength at any given temperature. However, it had been discovered by wilhelm
wien several years before max planck developed that more general equation, and describes the entire shift of the
spectrum of black-body radiation toward shorter wavelengths as temperature increases.
Formally, the wavelength version of Wien’s Displacement Law states that the spectral radiance of black-body
radiation peaks at the wavelength given by:
 STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW
The Stefan–Boltzmann law, also known as Stefan's law, describes the intensity of the thermal radiation emitted by
matter in terms of that matter's temperature. It is named for Josef Stefan, who empirically derived the relationship,
and Ludwig Boltzmann who derived the law theoretically.
Stefan-Boltzmann's law, states that the radiant heat energy emitted from a unit area of the black body in one second (E) is directly
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature, or E = σ x T4. E is distributed over a range of wavelengths of radiation.
 APPLICATION IN ASTROPHYSICS

• Use of blackbody radiation in determining stellar temperatures

Black body radiation is used in the study of stars and other celestial objects to determine their temperature and other physical
properties. The spectrum of black body radiation can provide information about the temperature and size of a star, and can be used to
study the properties of the universe.
• Stars behave approximately like blackbodies, and this concept explains why there are different colors of stars. Red stars are
cooler, and they emit the most radiation in the red wavelengths. A hotter star like our sun emits the most radiation in the
yellow/green part of the spectrum.
• We don't see any stars as green because stars with peak wavelengths in the green also emit lots of radiation in the red and blue
part of the spectrum. Our eyes combine all of these colors and we see white in this case. Even hotter stars and other objects
emit the most radiation in the blue, ultraviolet or even x-ray and gamma ray part of the spectrum. Objects like these appear blue
to our eyes. Much cooler objects like planets and humans emit the most radiation in the infrared. Even cooler objects emit
microwaves and radio waves.
Blackbody radiation in cosmology and the study of the cosmic microwave background radiation
• The cosmic microwave background (CMB or CMBR) is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. It is
a remnant that provides an important source of data on the primordial universe. With a standard optical telescope, the background
space between stars and galaxies is almost completely dark. However, a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope detects a faint
background glow that is almost uniform and is not associated with any star, galaxy, or other object. This glow is strongest in
the microwave region of the radio spectrum. The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1965 by American radio astronomers Arno
Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Use of infrared thermography

Infrared thermography (IRT) is an imaging modality that can be used to detect this radiation which is also called thermal
radiation. Human skin emits infrared radiation almost like a perfect black body and thus IRT is well suited for the
measurement of skin temperature Not only that now thermography finds several applications in the medical field such as
fever detection, identifying blood circulation disturbances, determining symptoms of diabetes, screening of joint
inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis etc. Thermal imaging can be used for security, surveillance, firefighting, medical
diagnosis, and other purposes. Thermal imaging can be used for security, surveillance, firefighting, medical diagnosis, and
other purposes.
Thermal radiation of heat transfer
A blackbody is an ideal surface that absorbs all incident radiation, at all wavelengths and all directions. Therefore, it is the
perfect absorber. As a consequence of this definition, the blackbody has three properties: (a) it is the surface that emits most
for a given temperature and wavelength, (b) blackbody radiation does not depend on the direction, that is, blackbody
radiation is diffuse, and (c) total blackbody radiation in a vacuum depends only on temperature. Since the blackbody is the
perfect absorber and emitter, it will be used as a reference to compare the radiative properties of real surfaces.

“The Planck Law of Radiation can be used to determine the intensity of energy at any temperature and wavelength. For
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Engineering Physics professor Dr.Sukhendu
Jana Sir for his able guidance and support in completing my project.
I would also like to extend my gratitude to principal sir Dr. Tirthankar Dutta and HOD Dr. Sumit Som of
BSH department.
I would also like to thank my friends and my parents who helped and guided me in every step which I
took.