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Evolution+PowerPoint+1
Evolution+PowerPoint+1
Chapter 10
Evolutionary Terms to Know
Evolution – change over time
Microevolution – small changes
over time within a species
Macroevolution (AKA
Speciation) – over time, groups
of organisms change so much
that they can no longer
reproduce with the original
group
Adaptation – trait that allows an
organism to survive and
reproduce
Variation – different traits of
individuals
Evolutionary Terms to Know, cont’d
Competition – occurs when organisms of the same or
different species attempt to use an ecological resource
in the same place at the same time
Species – group of organisms that either interbreed or
have the potential to interbreed in a natural
population; offspring are fertile
Fitness – ability of an individual to survive and
reproduce in its environment
Creation
In the early 1800’s, most people believed that each
species was created divinely a few thousand years
before, and continued as it was originally created.
Voyage of The Beagle
Charles Darwin
Father of Evolutionary Theory
Made observations on a ship called the H.M.S. Beagle
on a voyage to the Galapagos Islands in 1831.
Observations and collected evidences led him to
propose a revolutionary hypothesis about the way life
changes over time.
Voyage of The Beagle
Darwin’s Observations
Plants and animals are well suited to environments
Organisms have many ways to survive and reproduce
Similar habitats in separate locations don’t always have
the same animals
Fossils
Collected preserved remains and came up with questions
like:
Why had these species disappeared?
How were they related to living organisms?
Galapagos Islands
The characteristics of many animals and plants varied
noticeably among the different islands
Voyage of The Beagle
The Voyage Home
Studied his collections in detail on the journey home
Because the characteristics of many plants and animals
varied so greatly, he began to wonder if they had once
been members of the same species
Hood Island Tortoise – long neck (sparse vegetation)
Isabela Island – short neck (vegetation close to the ground)
Pinta Island – intermediate neck (what does this say?)
Darwin’s Four Tenets (1865)
Why does Natural Selection Occur?
Overproduction of Offspring
More organisms are made than the environment can
support competition
Genetic Variation
There is variation among offspring preadaptation
Struggle for Existence
Natural Selection – survival of the fittest; the
environment selects against traits
Climate, weather, competition, predators, pollution
How is this different from Artificial Selection?
Differential Survival and Reproduction
Individuals that have desirable traits are more fit and
leave more offspring
What is Natural Selection?
The struggle for existence leads to survival of the
fittest (natural selection).
The “fittest” are those with an inherited characteristic
that makes that individual better suited to survive
and be able to reproduce.
These characteristics are called adaptations.
What is Natural Selection? Cont’d.
Natural Selection results in changes in inherited
characteristics of a population due to the
environment, increasing the species’ fitness in that
environment.
These changes are
observed over long periods
of time and throughout many
generations
Descent with Modification
Principle of Common Descent:
All living things are related due to a common ancestor
Evidences for Evolution
Fossil Record
Provides evidence about the history of life on Earth
Shows how organisms have changed over time
Most form in sedimentary rock. Layers of sediment
build up over time and dead organisms can be buried.
Trace Fossils – remnants such as footprints or waste
Body Fossils – body parts such as a bone or skull
Evidences for Evolution, cont’d
Fossils, cont’d
“Missing Links” – intermediate fossils between groups
of organisms
THE FOSSIL RECORD IS NOT COMPLETE!
Evidences for Evolution, cont’d
Fossils, cont’d
Relative Dating – Allows paleontologists to estimate a
fossil’s age by comparing it to other fossils. Based on
the idea that older rock is found under newer rock.
Does not provide exact ages, just estimates.
Younger layers
Older layers
Evidences for Evolution, cont’d
Fossils, cont’d
Radioactive Dating – Scientists calculate the age of a
sample based on the amount of radioactive isotopes.
Carbon-14: is in all living things, but starts to decay
immediately upon death
Carbon-12: is also in all living things, but does not decay
Scientists compare the ratios of these two elements to give
an age of the fossil
Evidences of Evolution, cont’d
Homologous Structures
Structures that have different mature forms in
different organisms but develop from the same
embryonic tissues
Provides strong evidence that that all four-limbed
vertebrates have descended, with modifications, from
common ancestors
Evidences for Evolution, cont’d
Homologous Structures, cont’d
Analogous Structures – tissues that have the same
function but the species are not necessarily related