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Chapter 3 - Basic Logical Concepts
Chapter 3 - Basic Logical Concepts
1. Mary always wears high-end fashion. She must live in a rich family.
4. She must have provoked him into being abusive. They both need to change
1. Lucky got As for her online tests. Her straight As show that she really had good study habits.
Assumption(s): 1/ Lucky did not cheat in her online tests; 2/ Teachers did not reduce test difficulty or
go easy on marking for online tests; 3/ Lucky did not have any individual favor from her teachers.
2. Petrol prices have hit another record high due to the impact of Russia-Ukraine conflict. Prices of other
necessity goods will go up soon.
Assumption(s): 1/ Petrol prices have climbed higher and higher; 2/ Petrol prices control prices of
other necessity goods (necessity goods need transporting and distributing to places for
consumption)
3. Kim should choose badminton for her PE course. She’s a great basketball player.
Assumption(s): Skills for badminton and basketball are the same
4. Joe couldn’t have been involved in the crime. He was sitting with me in the Starbucks café when the crime
was reportedly committed.
Assumption(s): 1/ a person cannot be at two places at the same time; 2/ Indirect involvement (hiring
others) is not a criminal act
5. BA students currently make the biggest group at IU. I’m confident that they will find jobs easily after
graduation.
Assumption(s): Workforce needs BA graduates from IU for at least four more years.
Task 1: Find the assumptions in the statements in the red boxes. Write your
answer in the next slide.
“Even if you have money to stay at home everyday, that's not true living,” said a 40-year-old
Beijing man surnamed Wang who is a manager at a foreign firm.
Task 1: Assumptions for China’s situation
2. The figure of people that have been vaccinated is the exact data.
3. With vaccination, people are not likely to have a case of covid 19.
Wang’s assumption:
1. People have to self-support at home during lockdowns.
Premise 1: IE0 teaches the basic grammar such as: I, you, we, they, he, she, it or the tobe verb.
Premise 2: IE0 students must know such basic grammar because they passed the high
school graduation exam.
Premise 3: IE0 tuition fee is 14 million VNDs and will increase someday in accordance with the
dollar rate, making it too expensive for the too little knowledge in return.
Conclusion: It’s so unreasonable when IU’s IE0 program is at the level of secondary school English.
Assumptions:
1. One first lesson can represent the whole program.
2. Such basic contents, not random selections, can gain students at least 1 point.
3. Knowledge of IE0 program only consists of basic grammar.
Argument 2 – Suggested answer
“I took an IELTS test more than two years ago and I achieved band 6. My IELTS
certificate expired when I applied to University X, so I had to take the IELTS-format test
offered by the university. However, I only scored band 5. I’m sure either the university’s
IELTS-format test or its marking has problems.”
Premises:
1. I took an IELTS test more than two years ago and achieved band 6
2. I had to take the IELTS-format test offered by the university and only scored band 5
Conclusion: The university’s IELTS-format test or its marking has problems.
Assumption(s):
3. The IELTS-format test at he university is the same as the IELTS test regarding difficulty.
4. Her/His English skills were still the same when she/he took IELTS-format test at the
university.
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Observe and answer
Generalization
(theory) General premise
Conclusion
(hypothesis) Specific premise
Pattern
Conclusion
Premise Premise Premise
(observation) (observation) (observation)
Two basic categories of human reasoning
❖ Today, some late students in our class said they had to take the
booster vaccine shot.
❖ Probably all students were late today because of booster vaccination.
INDUCTIVE REASONING
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Deductive vs. Inductive reasoning
Deductive or inductive?
Task: Reorder the statements and decide if it is deductive or inductive.
Reordered argument: 1, 6, 2, 7, 4, 3, 5
→ Deductive argument
Deductive or inductive?
All of Stephen King’s previous novels have been good. Therefore, Stephen
King’s next novel will probably be good.
→ Inductive argument
Your turn: Deductive or inductive?
Police’s argument:
16.
1. According to Vietnamese traffic law, 16 year-olds can only ride 50cc motorbikes.
2. You rode a 50+cc motorbike while you are under 16. (specific premise)
→ Deductive argument
Your turn: Deductive or inductive?
On-looker’s argument:
1. The police stopped two teenagers on their way to school. (observation 1)
2. One teenager was wearing the red scarf for secondary school. (observation 2)
So I guess the two teenagers were being fined for underage driving. (conclusion)
→ Inductive argument
Your turn: Deductive or inductive?
o
Common flu symptoms: fever over 100.4 F (38 C), aching muscles, chills and sweats,
headache, dry, persistent cough, fatigue and weakness, nasal congestion, sore throat
(pattern)
Tim is having a fever. (observation/specific premise 1)
→ Inductive argument
Tim is having a dry, persistent cough. (observation/specific premise 3)
Your turn: Deductive or inductive?
I’m a woman.
→ Deductive argument
Deductive arguments’ claims
General premise
❖ If the premises are true, the
conclusion must be true.
❖certainly definitely
❖absolutely conclusively
❖It logically follows that
❖It is logical to conclude that
❖This logically implies that
❖This entails that
Inductive arguments’ claims
Generalization
(theory)
❖ If the premises are true,
the conclusion is
probably true.
Conclusion ❖ The conclusion follows
(hypothesis)
probably from the
premises.
❖ It is unlikely for the
Pattern
premises to be true and
the conclusion false.
❖ The conclusion is
Premise Premise Premise
(observation) (observation) (observation) probably true if the
premises are true.
Sample inductive reasoning
❖probably likely
❖One would expect that
❖It is plausible to suppose that
❖It is reasonable to assume that
❖Chances are that
❖Odds are that
Aapplication: Deductive or inductive?
Deductive
Inductive
COMMON PATTERNS OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING
1. Hypothetical syllogism
2. Categorical syllogism
3. Argument by elimination
4. Argument based on mathematics
5. Argument from definition
1. HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM (chain argument)
Pattern: If A, then B.
If B, then C.
Therefore, if A then C.
Valid
1. HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
(modus ponens – affirming the antecedent)
Pattern: If A, then B.
A.
Therefore, B
Valid
1. HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
(modus tollens – denying the consequent)
Pattern: If A, then B.
Not B.
Therefore, not A.
Valid
1. HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
(denying the antecedent)
Pattern: If A, then B.
Not A.
Therefore, not B.
Invalid
1. HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
(affirming the consequent)
Pattern: If A, then B.
B.
Therefore, A.
Invalid
Task: Sort them out.
1. If we’re in London, then we’re in England. We are not in England. So, we
are not in London.
2. If we’re in Los Angeles, then we are in the United States. We are in the
United States. So, we are in Los Angeles.
3. If we’re in the United States, then we are on Earth. We are in the United
States. So, we are on Earth.
Example 1:
Either you are married or you are single by law.
You are not married.
Then you are single by law.
Example 2:
All arguments are either deductive or inductive.
Jack’s argument is not deductive.
Therefore, his argument is ______.
4. Argument based on Mathematics
Question:
The sun is 93 million miles from Earth, and light travels at a rate of
186,000 miles per second. How long does it take for light from the sun to
reach the Earth?
Sunlight travels at a rate of 186,000 miles per second (s). (specific premise)
The sun is more than 93 million miles away from Earth (d). (specific premise)
Therefore, it takes 500 seconds for light from the sun to reach
(conclusion)
the earth.
4. Argument based on Mathematics
1+1=?
1+1=2 (integer)
1 shoe + 1 shoe
= 1 pair of shoes
Major premise: The ideal samurai was supposed to be a stoic warrior who followed an unwritten code of conduct, later formalized
as Bushidō, which held bravery, honour, and personal loyalty above life itself; ritual suicide by disembowelment (seppuku) was
institutionalized as a respected alternative to dishonour or defeat. (Britanica)
Minor premise: The late former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was a brave warrior in Japanese political arena, resigned from office when
having health problems, and showed the noble Japanese dedication to his country and people.
Conclusion: Therefore, the late former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe represents the samurai spirit of Japan.
Task 4
▪ Valid
Example 2:
If you want to get a scholarship, you’ll have to study hard.
You don’t study hard at all.
Therefore, you will get the scholarship.
▪ Invalid
Deductive validity
❖ Valid deductive arguments: may be sound or unsound
Example 1:
All International University students do their majors in
English.
I’m an International University student.
Therefore, I do my major in English.
1. Inductive generalization
2. Predictive argument
3. Argument from authority
4. Causal argument
5. Statistical argument
6. Argument from analogy
1. INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATION
strong
5. Statistical argument
Weak
Stronger
Inductive strengths
❖ Strong inductive arguments: The conclusion is probably
true if the premises are true.
❖ Weak inductive arguments: Premises, even if they are
assumed to be true, do not make the conclusion probable.
Example 1:
Kim told me her family is not affordable for her college tuition.
She has been studying so hard in the last year of high school.
Kim is probably trying to gain a college scholarship.
Strong
Example 2:
About 5% of IU students are international students now. Kim is
an IU student. So she is probably an international student.
Inductive strengths (cont)
DEDUCTIVE OR INDUCTIVE?
Link to submit:
https://forms.gle/8THYEFxfpaQ2F6HHA
Group:
❖Full name:
❖Full name:
❖….
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Sample argument 1
Premise + type:
Conclusion:
Argument pattern:
Premise: A Singaporean professor taught for two hours only to realize he was on mute the whole
time. (observation)
Conclusion: His students might have been inattentive to his lecture or they may have kept silent
about the problem to tease their professor.
Argument pattern: Causal argument
Sample arguments 2 + 3
Major premise: All parents have children hitting
each other now and then.
Minor premise: Some siblings who hit each other
during quarantine always bring their parents high
hormones and drama.
Conclusion: Therefore, all parents with siblings
hitting each other during quarantine never run low
on hormones and drama.
Argument pattern: Categorical argument
Premise 1 (Observation): In the game “The Floor is Lava”, if a contestant touches “the lava,” the
show treats them like they’re literally dead.
Premise 2 (Observation): Social distancing keeps you from touching everyone outside to avoid
being literally dead by the virus.
Conclusion: Therefore, you should think of social distancing as a game of “Everyone Outside is
Lava.”
Argument pattern: Argument from analogy
Task 1: Make an argument based on the clue
Premise + type:
Conclusion:
Argument pattern:
Task 2: Make an argument based on the clue
Premise + type:
Conclusion:
Argument pattern:
Task 3: Make an argument based on the clue
Trường đại học Luật TP.HCM có kế hoạch nghỉ Tết Quý Mão 2023 từ ngày 14-
1 đến hết 12-2-2023.
Đáng chú ý, đến nay đã có thêm nhiều trường tổ chức giảng dạy và học tập
trực tuyến trong tuần lễ ngay trước và sau Tết.
Trường đại học Ngân hàng TP.HCM thông báo dạy trực tuyến hai tuần sau Tết
(từ ngày 30-1 đến 12-2-2023).
Trường đại học Kinh tế - Luật (Đại học Quốc gia TP.HCM) thông báo cho sinh
viên học trực tuyến 1 tuần ngay sau Tết Nguyên đán. Thời gian nghỉ Tết của
sinh viên trường này sẽ là từ ngày 14-1 đến 29-1-2023.
Trường đại học Kinh tế TP.HCM cho biết dịp Tết Quý Mão, từ ngày 9 đến 15-1-
2023 (tuần lễ ngay trước Tết) và từ ngày 30-1 đến 5-2-2023 (tuần lễ ngay sau
Tết), nhà trường sẽ thực hiện giảng dạy và học tập trực tuyến theo thời khóa
biểu đã sắp xếp.
Premise + type:
Conclusion:
Argument pattern:
Task 4: Make an argument based on the clue
Premise + type:
Conclusion:
Argument pattern:
https://forms.office.com/r/B5Gxk0r1mN
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