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1-Membrane Structure and Architecture
1-Membrane Structure and Architecture
Plan
I- Introduction
II- Membrane Structure
A- Chemical Composition
1- Membrane Lipids
2- Membrane Proteins
3- Carbohydrates
B- Fluid Mosaic Model
III- Membrane Junctions
Membrane structure and architecture
I- Introduction
The human organism is composed of more than 75 trillion cells. The cell
is the fundamental structural and functional unit of every living
organism.
Cells→ Tissues→ Organs→ Systems
There are over 200 types of cells, distinguished by their shapes, sizes,
functions, and locations in the organism. They are measured in
micrometers and can be observed under a light or electron microscope.
On average, a cell measures 10 to 20 micrometers.
Cellular structure
Plasma membrane
Centrioles
Nucleus
Peroxisome
Cytoplasm
Lysosome
Cytosol
RER et SER
Ribosome
Golgi complex
Mitochondrion
Cytoskeletal
filaments
Cellular structure
Organelles Characteristics Functions
Nucleus -central zone enclosed by a double-membraned envelope Storage and transmission of genetic information to
punctuated with pores: the outer membrane extends from the the next generation of cells.
endoplasmic reticulum;
-contains chromatin and nucleoli rich in rRNA and ribosomal Manufacturing plant of ribosomal subunits.
proteins.
Ribosomes Non-membrane-bound organelles present in large numbers in Site of protein synthesis from amino acids. They
the cell. facilitate the translation of mRNA into protein
Each ribosome is composed of two subunits (small and large)
that are assembled when it is active but dissociate when it is
inactive. It is made up of proteins and rRNA
It is either free in the cytoplasm or attached to the Rough
Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER).
Rough endoplasmic Extensive network of membranes delineating cavities, the -Synthesis of secreted proteins, lysosomal
reticulum (RER) cisternae; covered with ribosomes. enzymes, etc."
-Manufacturing plant for all cellular membranes:
synthesis of membrane proteins, phospholipids,
and cholesterol.
Smooth endoplasmic Branching tubular structure devoid of ribosomes. -lipid synthesis (participation in the production of
reticulum (REL) membranes and lipoproteins, etc.) and synthesis
of steroid hormones, neutralization (of drugs,
pesticides, etc.) and storage-release of Ca²⁺.
Cellular Structure
Organelles Characteristics Functions
Golgi complex Stacks of flattened membranous sacs surrounded by small Transport, modification (addition of sugars, etc.),
vesicles. concentration, sorting of proteins, and formation of
vesicles for packaging these proteins, as well as
addressing these proteins to their final destination.
Endosome vesicles surrounded by a membrane, located near the plasma Fuses with endocytic vesicles and transports their
membrane contents into the cytoplasm (lysosomes, Golgi
apparatus, etc.).
Lysosome Spherical or oval-shaped organelle surrounded by a single Site of intracellular digestion of bacteria, old
membrane containing digestive enzymes (hydrolases). organelles, etc
Peroxisome Structure similar to the lysosome, moderately dense, The enzymes neutralize certain toxic substances; the most
containing various enzymes (oxidases and catalases). important enzymes oxydase and catalase(degrades hydrogen
peroxide H₂O₂).
Mitochondrion Rod-shaped structures surrounded by a double membrane, Site of the synthesis of the majority of cellular ATP.
where the inner membrane forms cristae that extend into the
matrix.
Neurone
Glucides
Erythrocyte
Lipides
Hépatocyte Protéines
Mitochondrie
1- Membrane lipids:
- phospholipides(les plus abondants);
- cholestérol.
Membrane structure and architecture
II-The structure of the plasma membrane
A-Chemical composition : voir schéma
1- Membrane lipids:
Filament
intermédiaire
Plaque dense
Espace
intercellulaire
Cadhérines
(glycoprtéines
de liaison)
1-Les desmosomes (corps liants): jonctions d’ancrage, des sortes d’attaches mécaniques « boutons
Jonctions membranaires
Membranes plasmiques de cellules adjacentes
Canal entre
deux cellules
Espace
intercellulaire
2- Les jonctions communicantes ou ouvertes ou gap: canaux protéiques qui unissent les
cytosols de deux cellules adjacentes (cœur, muscle lisse,… : subissent une
Jonctions membranaires
Membranes plasmiques de cellules adjacentes
Espace
intercellulaire