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Chapter 11 Thermal Measurements
Chapter 11 Thermal Measurements
Chapter
Measurements
The unit for thermal energy is called the calorie (cal). One cal is the
amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of 1 g of
water by 1 °C.
C=Q÷θ Q = Cθ
Example: θ Q
When a piece of iron is cooled from 70 C to 40 C, the thermal energy given out is
690 J. What is the heat capacity of the piece of iron?
c = C ÷ mass
Q = mcθ
= Q ÷ mθ
Hence the time taken to cool the lime juice from 30 C to 5 C is 43.8 min
Pt = mc(θ2 − θ1)
c= Pt
m(θ2 − θ1)
Chapter11: Thermal Measurements
Specific Heat Capacity of Liquid
The mass of the empty calorimeter and the specific heat capacity of the
calorimeter must be known. The temperatures of the liquid before and
after turning on the electric heater for a period of time were recorded.
c= Pt - Mccalorimeter
m(θ2 − θ1)ccalorimeter m
Where:
P = power of the electric heater (W)
t = time taken for temperature to rise from θ1 to θ2 (s)
θ = temperature of liquid (K)
m = mass of liquid (kg)
M = mass of calorimeter (kg)
cliquid = specific heat capacity of liquid (J kg −1 K−1)
ccalorimeter = specific heat capacity of calorimeter (J kg −1 K−1)
Chapter11: Thermal Measurements
Chapter11: Thermal Measurements
What happens during change of states
During a change of state, the energy supplied to a body is no longer used to increase its
atoms’ molecular motion. Hence, the body’s temperature does not rise.
The specific latent heat of vaporization (lv) of a substance is the quantity of heat
needed to change a unit mass of the substance from liquid state to vapour state
without a temperature change
Molecules in the liquid differ from one another in that some are more energetic, while
the others are less energetic.
As the more energetic liquid molecules escape into the air, they carry with them their
energy. As a result, the average energy of the remaining water is now lowered.