SAGAR INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE TECHNO

AND RESEARCH

Topic- introduction to Ecosystems

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Presented By -
BHUPENDRA
Introduction to
Ecosystems
Ecosystems are complex,
interconnected communities of living
organisms and their physical
environments. They are essential for
life on Earth, providing vítal services
such as clean air and water, food
production, and climate regulation
Components of Ecosystems
1 Producers 2 Consumers
Producers, such as plants, Consumers, like animals, rely on
create their own food producers or other consumers
through photosynthesis for their energy, playing various
and form the base of the roles in the food web.
food web.

3 Decomposers 4 Abiotic Factors

Decomposers, such as
fungi and bacteria, break
down dead organic matter,
recycling nutrients back
into the ecosystem.
Abiotic factors like temperature,
sunlight, and water availability
shape the environment and
influence the types of organisms
that can thrive.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic Factors
Biotic factors include all living
organisms within an ecosystem,
like plants, animals, fungi, and
bacteria. They interact with
each other through predation,
competition, and symbiosis,
shaping the ecosystem’s
dynamics.
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic factors include non-
living components like
temperature, sunlight, water,
soil, and nutrients. These
factors influence the
distribution and abundance of
organisms, creating distinct
habitats and ecological niches.
Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Producers
Producers capture energy from the sun through photosynthesis,
forming the foundation of the food chain.

Primary Consumers
Primary consumers, like herbivores, obtain energy by eating
producers, transferring energy to the next trophic level.

Secondary Consumers
Secondary consumers, like carnivores, eat primary consumers,
further transferring energy through the food web.

Decomposers
Decomposers break down dead organisms and waste,
releasing nutrients back into the ecosystem.
 Nutrient Cycling
Cycle Description
The movement of carbon between the
Carbon Cycle atmosphere, oceans, rocks, and living
organisms.

The conversion of nitrogen gas in the

Nitrogen Cycle atmosphere into usable forms by bacteria,
essential for plant growth.

The movement of phosphorus from rocks to

Phosphorus Cycle soil, water, and living organisms, influencing
plant growth and food webs.
Ecological Succession
1 Pioneer Stage
The first organisms to colonize a barren area, such as
lichens and mosses, modify the environment, paving the
way for other species.

2 Intermediate Stage
Grasses, shrubs, and small trees emerge, creating more
diverse habitats and increasing competition for resources.

3 Climax Stage
A stable community of plants and animals develops,
characterized by a balance of species and resources,
representing the mature ecosystem.
Threats to Ecosystems and
Conservation Efforts
Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
Human activities like deforestation and
urbanization destroy habitats, leading to
species decline and ecosystem
disruption.
Pollution
Pollution from industrial activities,
agriculture, and urban runoff
contaminates water and soil, harming
organisms and threatening ecosystem
health.
Climate Change
Rising temperatures, altered
precipitation patterns, and extreme
weather events negatively impact
ecosystems, causing shifts in species
distribution and disrupting delicate
balances.
Invasive Species
Introduced species can outcompete
native organisms, disrupt food webs,
and alter ecosystem dynamics, causing
ecological imbalances.
Thank You