Struggles Of

Children In
Today’s World
 Struggles:
• Child Poverty
• Child Labour
• Child abuse
• Child Mortality
Child poverty
Children from poor families or orphans being
raised with limited or, in some cases absent,
state resources. Children that fail to meet the
minimum acceptable standard of the nation
where that child lives are said to be poor. In
developing countries, these standards are
low and, when combined with the increased
number of orphans, the effects are more
extreme.
 Causes
The majority of poverty-stricken children are born to poor parents.
Therefore, the causes such as adult poverty, government policies, lack
of education, unemployment, social services, disabilities and
discrimination significantly affect the presence of child poverty. Lack of
parental economic resources such as disposable income restricts
children’s opportunities. Economic and demographic factors such
as deindustrialization, globalization, residential segregation, labor
market segmentation, and migration of middle-class residents from
inner cities, constrain economic opportunities and choices across
generation, isolating inner city poor children.
Child labour
Child labour refers to the exploitation of children
through any form of work that deprives children of their
childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular
school, and is mentally, physically, socially or morally
harmful. Such exploitation is prohibited by legislation
worldwide although these laws do not consider all work
by children as child labor exceptions include work by
child artists, family duties, supervised training etc.
 Causes
International Labour Organization (ILO) suggests poverty is the greatest single
cause behind child labour. For impoverished households, income from a child's
work is usually crucial for his or her own survival or for that of the household.
Income from working children, even if small, may be between 25 and 40% of the
household income. Other scholars such as Harsch on African child labour, and
Edmonds and Pavcnik on global child labour have reached the same conclusion.

Lack of meaningful alternatives, such as affordable schools and quality education,

according to ILO, is another major factor driving children to harmful labour.
Children work because they have nothing better to do. Many communities,
particularly rural areas where between 60–70% of child labour is prevalent, do not
possess adequate school facilities. Even when schools are sometimes available,
they are too far away, difficult to reach, unaffordable or the quality of education is
so poor that parents wonder if going to school is really worth it.
 Child abuse
Child abuse or child maltreatment is physical, sexual,
and/or psychological maltreatment or neglect of a child or children,
especially by a parent or a caregiver. Child abuse may include any
act or failure to act by a parent or a caregiver that results in actual
or potential harm to a child, and can occur in a child's home, or in
the organizations, schools or communities the child interacts with.
The terms child abuse and child maltreatment are often used
interchangeably, although some researchers make a distinction
between them, treating child maltreatment as an umbrella term to
cover neglect, exploitation, and trafficking.
Different jurisdictions have developed their own stance
towards mandatory reporting, different definitions of what
constitutes child abuse for the purposes of removing children from
their families or for prosecuting a criminal charge.
 Causes
Child abuse is a complex phenomenon with multiple causes.No single factor
can be identified as to why some adults behave abusively or neglectfully
toward children. The World Health Organization (WHO) and
the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and
Neglect (ISPCAN) identify multiple factors at the level of the individual, their
relationships, their local community, and their society at large, that combine
to influence the occurrence of child maltreatment. At the individual level,
such factors include age, sex, and personal history, while at the level of
society, factors contributing to child maltreatment include cultural norms
encouraging harsh physical punishment of children, economic inequality,
and the lack of social safety nets. WHO and ISPCAN state that
understanding the complex interplay of various risk factors is vital for
dealing with the problem of child maltreatment.
Child mortality
Child mortality, is the mortality of children under the age of five.
The child mortality rate, also 'under-five mortality rate', refers to the
probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age
expressed per 1,000 live births. It encompasses neonatal
mortality and infant mortality (the probability of death in the first
year of life).
Reduction of child mortality is reflected in several of the United
Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Target 3.2 is "by 2030,
end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of
age, with all countries aiming to reduce … under‑5 mortality to at
least as low as 25 per 1,000 live births.
Many child deaths go unreported for a variety of reasons, including
lack of death registration and lack of data on child migrants. Without
accurate data on child deaths, we cannot fully discover and combat
the greatest risks to a child's life.
Causes
There is variation of child mortality around the world; countries that are in the
second or third stage of the Demographic Transition Mode (DTM) have higher
rates of child mortality than countries in the fourth or fifth state of the
DTM. Chad infant mortality is about 96 per 1,000 live births. And developed
country such as Japan infant mortality is about 2.2 per 1,000 live births. In 2010,
there were estimated to 7.6 million child deaths around the world and most of it
occurred in less developed countries and 4.7 million died from infection and
disorder. Child mortality is not only caused by infection and disorder, it is also
caused by premature birth, birth defect, new born infection, birth complication,
and diseases like malaria, sepsis, and diarrhea. In less developed
countries, malnutrition is the main source of child mortality. Pneumonia, diarrhea
and malaria together are the cause of 1 out of every 3 child deaths before the age
of 5 and nearly half of under-five deaths globally are attributable to under nutrition.
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