ADVANCED

CONTROL SYSTEM
P R O C E S S C O N T R O L A N D I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

BY
A N G E LY N N
ANGELENA
YUNUS
L O R E T TA
VIMALAN
 INTRODUCTION

ced control comes

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ess optimization.

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process optimization.
ON-OFF
CONTROLLER
N A M E : A N G E LY N N G R A C E J O S E P H
ID : 1103142019
ON OFF CONTROLLERS

Also known as bang- Simple type of

bang controllers and feedback
uses hysteresis.
controllers.

A thermostat
Used to control controlling a heater
 ON OFF CONTROLLERS

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WATER TANK USING TEMPERATURE
CONTROL

On/off temperature control of water in a tank

WATER TANK USING TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
The
The The This 2°C temperature
thermost (±1°C) of the tank
therm at would is contents will
fall to 59°C
known
ostat have an
as the
before the
valve is
upper
is set and switchin
asked to
open and will
rise to 61°C
g
to lower
different
before the
valve is
switchin
60°C. g point. ial. instructed to
close.
ON OFF SWITCHING ACTION OF THE THERMOSTAT
ON OFF SWITCHING ACTION OF THE
THERMOSTAT
ON OFF SWITCHING ACTION OF THE
THERMOSTAT
From this point onwards, the water temperature in the tank continues to fall until, at point D (59°C), the thermostat tells the valve to open.

Steam is admitted through the coil but again, reaching its trough of undershoot at point E.

The difference between the peak and the trough is known as the operating differential.

The switching differential of the thermostat depends on the type of thermostat used.
ON OFF CONTROLLER

If the controlled condition is outside the bandwidth, the output If the controlled condition is within the bandwidth, the controller
signal from the controller is either fully on or fully off, acting as output is turned on and off relative to the deviation between the
an on/off device. value of the controlled condition and the set point.

Controlled Controlled Controlled

condition = set condition < set condition > set
point; ON time point; ON time point; ON time
will be = OFF time will be > OFF time will be < OFF time
FAN CONTROLLING SCHEME OF TRANSFORMER
COOLING SYSTEM.

When transformer runs with such a load, the temperature of the electrical power transformer rises beyond the preset value .

As the cooling fans run, the forced air decreases the temperature of the transformer.

When the temperature (process variable) comes down below a preset value, the control switch of fans trip and fans stop supplying forced air to the transformer.

Again when during rising, the temperature crosses the preset value, the fans again start rotating to cool down the transformer.
FAN CONTROLLING SCHEME OF TRANSFORMER
COOLING SYSTEM.
• There is always a non zero time delay for closing and opening action of controller elements.
• This time delay is known as dead time.
• Actual response curve differs from the above shown ideal response curve.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Advantages
•It is simple and very low cost.
•This is why it is frequently found on domestic type
applications such as central heating boilers and heater fans.

Disadvantage
•The operating differential might fall outside the control
tolerance required by the process.
 FEED-FORWARD
CONTROL SYSTEM
NAME : ANGELENA RANI FRANCIS
ID : 1000032
Is a mechanism in a system that monitors The control variable adjustment is not error-
performance inputs rather than its outputs. based.
Block diagram of feed-forward system
ADVANTAGES
Takes corrective action before
the process is upset.
 DISADVANTAGES

Requires more knowledge of the process to be controlled.

Disturbance must be measured.

APPLICATIONS
• SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

Shell and tube heat exchanger which heats up liquid

water using steam.
APPLICATIONS
• EVAPORATOR
 FEEDBACK CONTROL
SYSTEM
NAME : ANGELENA RANI FRANCIS
ID : 1000032
Feedback loops take the system output into
consideration, which enables the system to
adjust its performance to meet a desired
output response.

Contains a measuring element.

Positive feedback has the property

that signals tend to reinforce
themselves, and grow larger.

Negative feedback occurs when some

function of the output of a system tends
to reduce the fluctuations in the output.
 ADVANTAGES

Corrective action occurs Requires little knowledge about

regardless of the source and type the process (A process model is
of disturbances. not necessary).
DISADVANTAGES

Incapable of
Takes no For frequent
Theoretically
and
correcting a
corrective actionsevere
not capable of
deviation from
until a deviation
disturbances,
achieving
set point at the
in the controlled
process may“perfect
not
time of its
variable occurs.settle out.
control.”
detection.
 APPLICATIONS
• HEAT EXCHANGER
APPLICATIONS
• SIMPLE BINARY DISTILLATION COLUMN
APPLICATIONS
• HOME FURNACE
EXAMPLE QUESTION
• CONTINUOS STIRRED TANK REACTOR(CSTR)
RATIO
CONTROL
NAME : MUHAMMAD YUNUS
ID :
 WHAT IS RATIO CONTROL?

The ratio control architecture is A common application for ratio

used to maintain the flow rate of control is to combine or blend two
one stream in a process at a feed streams to produce a mixed
defined or specified proportion flow with a desired composition
relative to that of another. or physical property.
agram above
of one of the
mixed flow,
ild feed, can
hange freely.

ased on product
tions, feedstock
y, the actions of
r it may simply
least willing to
rmal operation.

ding the mixed

ntrolled feed. A
n the controlled
nd reacts to the
, from the ratio
ol architecture.

s in this article
note that other
uch as variable
rs may also be
plementations.
RELAYS IN THE RATIO ARCHITECTURE

As the above A multiplying

A ratio relay,
diagram relay (shown),
illustrates, we where the mix
where the mix
measure the flow ratio is entered ratio is presented
rate of the wild once during as an adjustable
feed and pass the configuration parameter on the
signal to a relay, and is generally operations
designated as RY not available to display and is
in the diagram. operations staff thus more
The relay is readily
during normal
typically one of
operation. accessible for
two types:
change.
FLOW FRACTION (RATIO)
CONTROLLER
A classic example of ratio
control is the blending of an
additive into a process stream.
As shown below an octane
booster is blended with straight-
run gasoline stream being
produced by an atmospheric
distillation column.
For any number of reasons,
the production rate of
straight-run gasoline will
vary over time in a refinery.
Therefore, the amount of
octane booster required to
produce the desired octane
rating in the mixed product
flow must also vary in a
coordinated fashion.
Rather than using a relay, we present an alternative ratio control
architecture based on a flow fraction controller (FFC).

The FFC is essentially a “pure” ratio controller in that it receives

the wild feed and controlled feed signals directly as inputs.

A ratio set point value is entered into the FCC, along with tuning
parameters and other values required for any controller implementation.
 RATIO RELAY OR FLOW FRACTION CONTROLLER

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ADAPTIVE
CONTROLLER
N A M E : M A R I A L O R E T TA L AW R E N C E
ID : 1000339
WHAT IS AN ADAPTIVE CONTROLLER?

Adaptive control is the control method utilized by a For instance, as an airplane flies, its mass will
controller which must adjust to a controlled system gradually diminish as a consequence of fuel
with parameters which change, or are at first utilization; a control law is required that adjusts to
uncertain. such evolving conditions.
Algorithmic Program Control
ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN PHOSPHATE
INDUSTRY

Main Control Objective:

To keep the moisture content of the dried phosphate close to

a constant desired value, and at the same time to minimize
the energy consumption, despite feed flow rate variations
and variable moisture content of the damp phosphate.
TYPES OF CONTROLLERS

PID with Gain Scheduling:

Gain scheduling is a PID
enhancement that facilitates
the control of a process with
gains and time constants that
vary according to the current
value of the process variable.
TYPES OF CONTROLLERS

Autotuner:
• An autotuner is often a PID controller where the control parameters are automatically tuned only at
commissioning. I.e. a sequence of step responses or a relay type of control in order to find an appropriate
parameter setting.
TYPES OF CONTROLLERS

Adapt A controller which adjusts

the PID parameters
continuously and
ive automatically while the
process is running. The
tuning is done systematically
PID: as when needed.
TYPES OF CONTROLLERS
General Adaptive Regulators:
The can operate with as many as 20 regulator
parameters. The large number of regulator
parameters means that, in addition to the PID
functions, it automatically performs compensation
for time delays, complex dynamics, process
disturbances and feed-forward control.
 APPLICATIONS
Catalytic Fluidized Bed
Reactor

Others:
• Aeroplanes Distillation Columns
• Ship Steering

Textile and Leather

pH Neutralization Process
Industry
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Parameters can be • The design required for
changed quickly in its implementation is
response to changes in enormous.
plant dynamics
• Very easy to apply
CASCADE
CONTROL
NAME : VIMALAN RAVICHANDRAN
ID : 1000335
CASCADE CONTROL BLOCK DIAGRAM
INTRODUCTION
The simplest cascade control scheme involves two control loops that use two measurement
signals to control one primary variable.

In such a control system, the output of the primary controller determines the set point for
the secondary controller.

The output of the secondary controller is used to adjust the control variable.

Generally, the secondary controller changes quickly while the primary controller changes
slowly.

Once cascade control is implemented, disturbances from rapid changes of the secondary
controller will not affect the primary controller. [ Extracted from : Wikipedia ]
In a double loop cascade system, the action of the secondary loop
on the process should be faster than that of the primary loop.
This ensures that the changes made by the primary output will be
reflected quickly in the process and observed when the primary
control variable is next measured.
There must Response
be a clear The period of the
relationship secondary primary loop The major
The primary
between the loop must has to be at disturbance
loop should
measured have least 4 times to the system
be able to
variables of influence larger than should act in
have a large
the primary over the the response the primary
gain, Kc.
and primary period of the loop.
secondary loop. secondary
loops. loop.
Setpoint - temperature desired for the water in the tank

Primary controller (master) - measures water temperature in the tank and asks the secondary controller for more or less
heat
Secondary controller (slave) - measures and maintains steam flow rate directly

Actuator - steam flow valve

Secondary process - steam in the supply line

Inner loop disturbances - fluctuations in steam supply pressure

Primary process - water in the tank

Outer loop disturbances - fluctuations in the tank temperature due to uncontrolled ambient conditions, especially
fluctuations in the inflow temperature
Secondary process variable - steam flow rate

Primary process variable - tank water temperature

In the water heater example, the tank temperature controller would be primary since it defines the
setpoint that the steam flow controller is required to achieve. The water in the tank, the tank
temperature, the steam, and the steam flow rate would be the primary process, the primary process
variable, the secondary process, and the secondary process variable, respectively (refer to the
Cascade Control Block Diagram). The valve that the steam flow controller uses to maintain the
steam flow rate serves as the actuator which acts directly on the secondary process and indirectly
on the primary process.[ Extracted from : controleng.com ]
ADVANTAGES

The secondary
controller can Closing the control
correct the loop around the
disturbance affecting secondary part of the
the secondary process reduces the
variable , before a phase lag seen by the
pronounced primary controller,
influence is felt by resulting in increased
the secondary speed of response
variable.
DISADVANTAGES

Cascade control
systems are also
The extra sensor
more complex
and controller
than single-
tend to increase
measurement
the overall
controllers,
equipment costs.
requiring twice as
much tuning.
REFERENCES
• K. S. Narendra and A. M. Annaswamy, Stable Adaptive Systems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall,
1989; Dover Publications, 2004.
• S. Sastry and M. Bodson, Adaptive Control: Stability, Convergence and Robustness. Prentice Hall, 1989.
• http://www.hindawi.com/journals/jcse/2012/827353/
• http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~kws23/tutorials/MRAC/MRAC.html
• https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/fundamentals-cascade-control-hamzeh-ahmadi
• https://controls.engin.umich.edu/wiki/index.php/CascadeControl
• http://
www.controleng.com/single-article/fundamentals-of-cascade-control/bcedad6518aec409f583ba6bc9b728
54.html
• http://newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/Feedback/ControlTypes.html#OnOffCtl
• https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-bang-bang-controller
• http://newton.ex.ac.uk/teaching/CDHW/Feedback/Technical-Info.html
THANK YOU