AUTOMATION & ROBOTICS

AUTOMATION
Table Of Contents
1. Electrical Actuators?
2. Electric Motor
3. Types of Motors
Electrical Actuators:
Electrical actuator motion is produced by electrical source i.e
electrical motor , generator or semiconductors devices
Electricals Motors:
As we know, an electric motor plays a vital role in every sector
of the industry, and also in a wide range of applications. There
are a variety of types of electric motors are available in the
market. The selection of these motors can be done based on the
operation and voltage and applications.
Every motor has two essential parts namely the
1. Field Winding (Stator)

2. Armature Winding (Rotor)

Field Winding (Stator)
The main function of field winding is to produce the fixed
magnetic field,
Armature Winding (Rotor)
whereas the armature winding looks like a
conductor which is arranged within the magnetic field. Because
of the magnetic field, the armature winding uses energy to
generate an adequate torque to make the motor shaft turn.
Types of Electric Motors
The types of Electric motors are available in three main segments
like
1. AC motor

2. DC motor

3. special purpose motors

DC Motors
The types of dc motors mainly include Series,
1. Shunt

2. Compound wound

3. PMDC Motor
1)DC Shunt Motor
DC shunt motor works on DC and the windings of this electric
motor like the armature windings and field windings are linked
in parallel which is known as a shunt. This kind of motor is also
called as shunt wound DC motor, where the winding type is
known as a shunt winding
In electrical motors, series circuits and parallel circuits are
commonly known as series and shunt. Therefore, in DC
motors the connections of the field windings, as well as the
armature, can be done parallel which is known as DC shunt
motor.
The main difference between DC series motor as well as DC
shunt motor mainly includes the construction, operation, and
speed characteristics.
This motor gives features like easy
1. reversing control,

2. speed regulation,

3. and starting torque is low.

Thus, this motor can be used for belt-driven applications within
automotive as well as industrial applications.
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating
current(AC). The AC motor commonly consists of two basic
parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with alternating
current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an
inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second
rotating magnetic field.
The two main types of AC motors are
1. Induction motors (or asynchronous motor)
2. Synchronous motors.
The induction motor (or asynchronous motor)
always relies on a small difference in speed between the stator rotating
magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip to induce rotor
current in the rotor AC winding.
As a result, the induction motor
cannot produce torque near synchronous speed where induction (or
slip) is irrelevant or ceases to exist.
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
In contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for
operation and uses either permanent magnets, salient poles (having
projecting magnetic poles), or an independently excited rotor winding.
The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly
synchronous speed.

RPM/Speed of AC Motor
The speed of the AC motor is determined primarily by the frequency
of the AC supply and the number of poles in the stator winding,
according to the relation:

Ns = 120 F / P

where
Ns = Synchronous speed, in revolutions per minute
F = AC power frequency, in cycles per second
P = Number of poles per phase winding
Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC Motor)
What is a Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC Motor)?
In a DC motor, an armature rotates inside a magnetic field.
The basic working principle of a DC motor is based on the
fact that whenever a current carrying conductor is placed
inside a magnetic field, there will be mechanical force
experienced by that conductor.
All kinds of DC motors work under this principle. Hence
for constructing a DC motor, it is essential to establish a
magnetic field. The magnetic field is established by using a
magnet. You can use different types of magnets – it may be
an electromagnet or it can be a permanent magnet.
A Permanent Magnet DC motor (PMDC motor) is a type of DC motor that uses a
permanent magnet to create the magnetic field required for the operation of a DC
motor.
Have you ever used a battery operated toy? The motor that drives these toys is
nothing but a permanent magnet DC motor or PMDC motor. These types of
motors are simple in construction.

They are commonly used as a starter motor in automobiles, windshield wipers,

washers, blowers used in heaters and air conditioners, to raise and lower
windows – and they are extensively used in toys.

As the magnetic field strength of a permanent magnet is fixed it cannot be

controlled externally, field control of this type of DC motor cannot be possible.
Thus permanent magnet DC motor is used where there is no need to
control the speed of the motor (which is usually done by controlling the
magnetic field). Small fractional and sub-fractional KW motors are often
constructed using a permanent magnet.
Advantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC Motor
 No need of field excitation arrangement.
 No input power in consumed for excitation which improve

efficiency of DC motor.
 No field coil hence space for field coil is saved which reduces

the overall size of the motor.

 Cheaper and economical for fractional kW rated applications.

Disadvantages of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or PMDC

Motor
 The armature reaction of DC motor cannot be compensated hence

the magnetic strength of the field may get weak due to the
 demagnetizing effect of the armature reaction.
 There is a chance of getting the poles permanently demagnetized

(partial) due to excessive armature current during the starting,

reversal, and overloading conditions of the motor.
 The field in the air gap is fixed and limited – it cannot be controlled

externally. This makes it difficult for this type of motor to achieve

efficient speed control of DC motor in this type of motor is difficult.
Applications of Permanent Magnet DC Motor or
PMDC Motor

PMDC motor is extensively used where small

DC motors are required and also very effective
control is not required, such as in
1. Automobiles
2. Starter,
3. Toys,
4. Wipers,
5. Washers,
6. Hot blowers,
7. Air Conditioners,
8. Computer disc drives and in many more.