Week 2 LESSON

3 PROCESS AND
ETHICS OF
RESEARCH
Here starts the
lesson!
The Research
Process
Research process is a systematic manner in
which the researcher approaches his/her
area of study to produce knowledge that
the community will consider
to be worthwhile within the field (Rao,
2017).
-Understanding such process is
an important step towards executing any
study.
 Five phases of
the research
(Whittemore &
Melkus, 2008).
 C on c
ept ua
Ph a se l
Identifying the problem, reviewing
the literature,
formulating the hypothesis,
developing the research
framework, and determining the
research purpose and
objective
 Desig
n and
P la n n
in g
Phase
Selecting a research
design, developing study
procedures,
and determining the
sampling and data
collection plan
 E mp i
rical
Phase

Collecting data,
and preparing
data for analysis
 Analy
tic
Phase

Analyzing data,
interpreting the
results, and making
conclusions
 Disse
m in a
t
Phase ion

Communicating
results to
appropriate
audience, and
utilizing the findings
Simplified flow of the significant
steps in
conducting a study as presented
by Rao (2017):
 1. Define the
research problem.
Example:

-look at a significant real-life

problem.
-Factors like area of interest,
availability of fund, socio-
economic significance
of the study, and the safety
measures to be undertaken
should be considered
in finding and defining the
research problem.
The researcher identifies
English language
proficiency as a problem of
aspiring maritime students
in qualifying for admission to
prestigious maritime
institutions.
 2. Review the
literature.
Read various publications or surf
the internet to become aware of The researcher reviews
the previous studies conducted
previous works already done
about English
about the chosen topic. You may
utilize different
language proficiency and
resources like science books, the experienced difficulties
magazines, journals, newspapers, of aspiring maritime
or even in the students.
internet.
 3. Formulate
hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a The researcher hypothesizes

theoretical statement in that the implementation of
solving a logical English-Only
Policy (EOP) in the classroom
relationship can improve the English
between variables. It language proficiency of
should be based on the Pre-Baccalaureate Maritime
problem being solved. students.
 4. Prepare the
research design.

Identify what is the best

means to collect and The researcher uses an
analyze data in the experimental design on
study exploring the experiences
to clarify and improve of the students in
implementing EOP.
the research problem,
purpose, and questions.
 5. Collect data.

Use an
appropriate data The researcher
collection method collects data through
to elicit the interview and focus
needed group
information. discussion.
 6. Analyze data.

Utilize strategies and

methods that make
sense of the data to The researcher analyzes
the data by drawing
answer patterns and themes from
the research problem. the generated data
 7. Interpret and
report the findings.

Put the information in The researcher

perspective and interprets and reports
present the solution to the findings based on
the the collected
proposed problem and analyzed data to
based on the findings solve the research
of the investigation. problem
 Activity
Think of a topic that you’d like
to research about. Then,
compose a short
narrative essay describing the
chronological steps you will
take in conducting
your study. Be guided with the
given rubric below. Write your
essay on your
notebook.
 Homework

Which do you think among the five phases of

the research process can be
done easily? Choose one from the box and
justify your answer in at least five
sentences. Write it on your notebook.
DAY 02
Ethics in
Research
Ethics is a branch of knowledge
that deals with moral
principles on governing a person’s
behavior in the conduct of any
activity.
 Importance of
Ethics in Research
Resnik (2015)
1. It promotes the
aims of research.
guides the researchers in
obtaining knowledge, truth,
and
avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication,
falsification and
misrepresentation of research
data.
2. It upholds values that
are essential to
collaborative work.
Many researchers who are
working in different
disciplines and
institutions cooperate and
coordinate to accomplish a
particular research.
3. It ensures that 4. It builds public
researchers can be held support for
accountable to the public.
research.
researchers are
People express and lend
deemed
their support by all
responsible for
means if they can trust
committing any form of
the
research misconduct.
quality and integrity of
research.
5. It promotes a variety of
moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the
researcher avoid practices that
can adversely
harm the research subjects and
the community.
Ethical Codes
and Policies for
Research
1. Honesty 8. Responsible publication
2. Objectivity 9. Responsible mentoring
3. Integrity 10. Respect for
colleagues
4. Care 11. Social responsibility
5. Openness 12. Non-discrimination
6. Respect for 13. Competence
intellectual 14. Legality
15. Human Subject
property Protection
7. Confidentiality
 ACTIVITY

Suggest appropriate ethical actions that must

be undertaken in order to
correct the unethical practices presented
below. Consider the ethical
principles that must be followed in conducting
a research. Copy the table and
answer it on your notebook.
Day 03
 Rights of
Research
Participants
1. Voluntary 2. Informed
participation consent
The research participants must be
given the privilege to exercise The research
their participants must be
free will whether to participate or
not. They have the right to refuse
provided with sufficient
involvement in the study. Thus, information
any person should not be forced about the procedures
to take
part in any research undertaking.
and risks involved in the
research.
3. Risk of harm 4.
The research Confidentiality
participants must be
protected from any
The research
type of harm participants must be
whether it may be assured of their
physical, psychological, privacy particularly
social, or economic. on personal
information.
5. Anonymity
The research
participants must
remain anonymous or
unidentified
throughout the study
even to the researchers
themselves.
 ADDITIONlL ACTIVITY

Pick one from the rights of research participants

inside the box. Then, explain how you can personally
apply it in conducting your own research in the
future. Express your ideas in at least five sentences.
Write your explanation on your notebook.
Day 04 Quiz