Newcastle disease

Submitted By:
Amish Basnet Submitted To:
Roll no:2 Dr. Pawan Acharya
B.V.Sc & AH
6th semester
Nepal Polytechnic Institute
Synonyms: Ranikhet disease , Doyle’s disease
• It is acute rapidly spreading, contagious viral
disease of domestic poultry and other avian
groups
• It is characterized by respiratory signs(distress,
coughing, sneezing), Nervous signs leading to
wing paralysis, incoordination, torticolis,
swelling of head & digestive disorder.
• Birds of all age groups are susceptible. The
vulnerable age for the disease is first 6 weeks
of the life or birds in late stage of their lay.
Why ranikhet disease?
In india it was recorded in 1927 by Edward from
Ranikhet, a hilly station of uttranchal
Why newcastle disease?
The disease was first recorded in Newcastle UK
by Doyle in 1926
Distribution
• The disease has been recorded from almost all
the countries of the world.
Etiology
• Caused by paramixo group-I virus, RNA virus
Virus has property
 Haemagglutination
 Lysis of mammalian RBC

Fig1; Diagrammatic representation of Newcastle disease virus.

 Characteristics:
 The virus is enveloped, roughly spherical, with a diameter
around 100-300 nm.
 Enveloped virus (containing lipid, CHO & protein).
 The genome is segmented & single stranded negative
sense RNA consisting of 15,186 nucleotides.
 Two specific virus proteins (hemagglutinin-
neuraminidase & fusion protein) are the main proteins
found in the outer coat of the virus.
 Replication occurs in the cytoplasm of the host cell.
 Affected species; birds & human.
 Morbidity; Up to100% & Mortality; 90%.
 Inactivation of the virus:
 Minimum core temperature of 80°C for one minute, 75°C
for 5 minutes or 70°C for 30 minutes - completely destroys
the virus in meat.
 Ether sensitive and inactivated by formalin, phenol & acid
pH.
 Destroyed rapidly by dehydration and ultraviolet rays.
 pH 3 - 3 min
Virus affinity on different system
 Respiratory system- Asiatic form of virus
 Nervous system- Neurotropic
 Digestive system- Viscerotropic
Virus strain:
1. Viscerotropic velogenic (VVND)
• Highly virulent form
• Lesion in GI tract
• 100 % mortality
• Acutely lethal
2. Neurotropic velogenic:
High mortality following respiratory & nervous
signs.
3. Mesogenic: low mortality following
respiratory & sometimes nervous signs
4. Lentogenic: caused mild or inapparent
infection
5. Asymptomatic: cause inapparent enteric
infection
 Transmission
• Highly contagious, direct contact with
secretions.
• Specially feces from infected birds.
• Ingestion of contaminated feed & water
• Premises, equipments and human clothing etc.
• Vertical transmission
• Disease spreads through air to long distance or
aerosal form.
• Backyard flocks and companion birds acts as
reservoirs.
 Ingestion Pathogenesis Inhalation
Proventriculus
Respiratory tract
Haemorrhage on
Blood
tip of gland orifice
Vascular endothelial Lymphoid t/s
cells
Intestine
Necrosis Necrosis
Thrombosis
of arterioles Ulcers

Haemorrhage
Covered by bran like deposit

Haemorrhage at caeco-colic Jxn

Common symptoms are:
• Incubation period is about 5-7 days course of the
disease averaged 3-4 days.
• Generalized edema and hemorrhage. Edema
significant around the eyes, neck and head.
• Outstretched head, long inhalation, sneezing, loss of
appetite.
• Gasping, coughing, drooping – wings, dragging legs,
• Twisting of the head and neck (torticolis), Inappetance,
• Cessation of egg production, greenish diarrhoea.
• Morbidity and mortality depend on virulence of virus
• Production declines rapidly, brown egg shells may
change to white, poor egg shell quality, watery egg
whites, and diarrhoea
 PM and gross lesions:
 Inflammation with Petechial hemorrhages on mucosal
membranes (proventriculi, isthmus of gizzard, trachea and pharynx).
 Edematous, hemorrhagic, or necrotic foci , and ulcerative areas
on Peyer's patches, caecal tonsils.
 Edematous, hemorrhagic, or degenerated ovaries.
 Severe inflammation of air sacs.
 mucous in the trachea may be tinged with blood. Air sacs
may be cloud, yellowish or whitish. Cheesy pellets or frothy
slimy exudation the windpipe, and congestion of lungs.
 Hemorrhage of heart muscle, skeletal muscle and ova. Liquid
yolk in the abdominal cavity also noted.
 CNS histopathological lesions are present but must be
differentiated from AE and MD
 Microscopic features
• Necrosis of mucosa leading to ulcer formation
at caecal tonsil
• Proliferation of kuffer cells in liver
• Congestion in lungs
• Congestion of ovaries and oviduct
• Proliferation of glial cells
• Cytoplasmic vaculoation in neuron
 Diagnosis
• History, clinical examinations & symptoms
• Postmortem lesions: Proventticular petechiae,
small intestinal diptheric ulcers
• HA HI test
• Isolation & identification of virus : Inoculation
of tissue suspension in week old embryonated
eggs by chorio-allantoic route- the embryo will
die within 48-72 hours
 Diagnostic Samples:
 Samples from live birds:
 Tracheal swabs.
 Cloacal swabs.
 Faecal swabs.
 Serum.
 Samples from dead birds:
 Lung, kidneys, intestine, spleen, brain, liver, and heart tissues.
 Differential Diagnosis
Infectious bronchitis – respiratory

Laryngotracheitis – respiratory

Avian encephalomyelitis – neurological

Vitamin E & selenium deficiency – neurological

Mycotic encephalitis – neurological

Avian influenza - variable pathogenicity

Coughing and gasping.
Haemorrhage in the trachea, large intestine,
caecal tonsil & proventriculus and gizzard.
Inflammation of trachea with hemorrhages
Necrotic button ulcer in the intestine
Necrotic button ulcer in the intestine
Nrcrotic button ulcer in the intestine
Air sacs inflamed, cloudy and congested
 Treatment:
 None
 Broad spectrum antibiotics for secondary bacterial involvement

Prevention:
 Quarantine & isolation of all newly purchased birds.
Transportation of birds in new or disinfected containers.
 Restrict personnel movement between new and old birds.
 Disinfection of all surfaces and equipment.
 Disposal of any destroyed birds and contaminated products.
 Removal of insects and mice (vectors).
 Control handling of bird carcasses, litter and manure.
THANK YOU