QUALITATIVE

RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
ERNIE HEREDERO
TEACHER I
WHAT COMES INTO YOUR MIND?

Design
WHAT COMES INTO YOUR MIND?

Sample
WHAT COME’S INTO YOUR MIND?

Data
WHAT COMES INTO YOUR MIND?

Collect
LEARNERS WILL BE ABLE TO:

1.Discuss the different qualitative research designs

2.Describe qualitative sampling procedure
3.Understand different Data collection method
REVIEW TIME

1. What did we discussed last week?

2. What are those different designs?
3. What are those different sampling procedure?
4. How about data collection method?
 USEFUL GUIDE IN SELECTING RESEARCH
DESIGN
• 1. What do you want to know?
• 2. Why do you want to know it?
• 3. What assumptions am I making about research and
knowledge(what are my theoretical and methodological
positions)?
• 4. What types of data would best answer these questions?
• 5. What type of data will you use to tell you what you want
to know?
USEFUL GUIDE

• 6. How much data will you need?

• 7. How will you collect your data?
• 8. If your research involves participants:
• a. Who will you need to collect data from?
• b. How will you access and recruit these participants?
• 9. How will you analyse your data in order to answer your questions?
• 10. What particular ethical issues do you need to consider?
• 11. Are there any practical factors that you need to take into account?
RESEARCH DESIGN

A research design is a set of research data collection,

analysis and interpretation methods for the conduct
of a research study
5 BASIC QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Case study
2. Phenomenology
3. Historical
4. Etnography
5. Content Analysis
CASE STUDY

• It is used if the researcher needs to understand one or few institutions, processes,

individuals, or phenomena in depth.
•The case study studies a person, program or event in a defined time frame (Leedy and
Omrod, 2001).
•Cresswell (1998) says the structure of a case study should be the problem, the context, the
issues and the lessons learned. He adds that sources of data collection are direct or
participant observation, interviews, archival records or documents, physical artifacts and
audiovisual materials. The researcher spends time in the natural setting of the people
studied. The report includes lessons learned or patterns found that connect with theories.
•A case being investigated or studied may be that of an individual or a group of persons. This
kind of research is used to gain deeper insight on a phenomenon, validate earlier findings or
gather more deep-seated data.
EXAMPLE TOPIC OF CASE STUDY

Factors
reading why
or many students
completing the are obviouslyself-
contextualized not
learning modules given to them
•case studies of drug-rehabilitated teenagers,
•Case study about transgenders, gay marriages
•success stories, and others s
PHENOMENOLOGY

• It is used to describe the tough lived-in experiences of people.

• Cresswell (1998) points out that the essence of this study is the sear central
underlying meaning of the research participant's experience".
• Leedy and Omrod (2001) stress that the purpose of the study is "to understand
an experience from the research participant's point of view.
•Thus, focus on the research participant is more pronounced in this kind of
qualitative research. After the researcher has obtained data from observations,
videos. lengthy interviews, images and others, the critical question is asked:
What does the experience mean to the research participant himself/herself?
How will s/he describe this lived experience.
EXAMPLE TOPIC OF PHENOMENOLOGY

• The experience of a senior high student who is a first time

father and needs to work to support his Family
•rehabilitated drug dependents or rescued trafficked women.
•a study of college graduates who opt to do community
outreach with the poor sectors of society, instead of
practicing their professions immediately after graduation.
HISTORICAL RESEARCH

It is used to investigate on people, places and events

in the past.
EXAMPLE TOPIC OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH

• Establishment and development of barangay San

Miguel
• Situation of Palawan during the martial law Era
ETNOGRAPHY

It is used to describe the culture or the way of living

of a group of people in a natural setting, community,
organization or even a nation.
Ethnography usually takes time. But for a student
like you, you may opt to use mini-ethnography, a
small ethnographic study.
ETHNOGRAPHY

Macmillan (1993) defines this type of research as interactive and which

requires relatively extensive time in a site to systematically observe, interview
and record processes as they occur naturally at the selected location.
Leedy and Omrod (2001) say that ethnography studies groups of people that
share a common culture.
Cresswell (2003) says that "ethnographies study an intact cultural group in a
natural setting over a prolonged period of time by collecting, primarily,
observational data.If the interviews are lengthy, the researcher gathers
documentaries by using audiotapes or videotaped media.
EXAMPLE TOPIC OF ETHNOGRAPHY

The culture of Tau’t Bato tribe in Rizal, Palawan

the dissertation done by Dr. Liza Daoanis who did a study
on the surviving cultural heritage of the Kankaneys of
Dalipay, Batangas, Benguet. The Kankaneys are one of
ethnolinguistic groups that have resisted change through
the years and so, have preserved their cultural traditions
and beliefs.
CONTENT ANALYSIS

It is used to explore and analyze the content of a document, article,

speech, video, picture, and others to understand a certain problem.
This research design calls for "a detailed and systematic examination of
the contents of a particular body of materials for the purpose of
identifying patterns, themes or biases (Leedy and Ormod 2001).
This method identifies specific characteristics of the content of human
communication.
EXAMPLE TOPIC OF CONTENT ANALYSIS

Analysing
recent video materials
typhoons that hit that carry footages of the
Philippines
examination
State of the of word choice
Nation Addresses and use of words
of Philippine in the
president
footages of disasters like typhoons,
a person with disability, etc. a day in the life of
SELECTING SAMPLE OR SAMPLING STRATEGY

• A sample is a part of the entire population of research

participants.
• Usually, a sample is considered rather than using all that
fit the selection criteria to save resources without
compromising the reliability and validity of the results.
• Sampling is the process of selecting a sample needed for
your research study.
COMMON SAMPLING STRATEGY

• Purposive Sampling
• Snowball Sampling
• Multiple variation Sampling
• Convenient sampling
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

• It considers samples that suit the selection criteria. This

is commonly used in qualitative research.

• Example:
If you want study what drawn people to the use of Tiktok,
then your target participants should be the “Tiktokers”
SNOWBALL SAMPLING

• It selects one or more participants and asked them to identify other

participants who fit the selection criteria.

• Example:
If you want to interview students who are smokers, then you can ask
someone you know who is a smoker (whom you have already
interviewed) to give you names of possible participants that you can
interview as well.
MULTIPLE VARIATION SAMPLING

• It uses varied samples to get multiple perspectives on your research topic.

• Example:
If you want to conduct a study on why students are not actively
accomplishing their self-learning modules, you may interview not only the
students but also their parents or guardians and their teachers. From these
participants, varied perspectives can be obtained for a more in-depth
exploration of your study.
CONVENIENT SAMPLING

• It selects samples that are easily accessible to the researcher.

• Example:
• You need to interview Grade 12 STEM students, you
decided to interview those that you personally know and those
that are available and willing during your time of data
collection.
DATA COLLECTION

• Data collection is the process wherein the

researcher gather relevant information to answer the
stated research questions and generate relevant
solutions.
COMMON DATA COLLECTION METHOD

• Interview
• Focus Group discussion
• Observation
• Written documents
• Pictures, Audios and videos
INTERVIEW

• It is a conversation between the researcher and the research participant with

the use of guide questions. It can be done face-to-face (most applicable),
through phone or virtually. The researcher may use structured interview
(using a set of questions prepared by the researcher and responses are
coded immediately); unstructured interview (using open-ended questions to
which the interviewee can answer freely); or semi-structured (using both the
closed and open-ended questions). Semi-structured interview is the most
favored in a qualitative research since follow-up questions extract more
information from the participant or interviewee.
FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION

• It is when the researcher interviews a manageable

group of research participants in a scheduled
meeting. FGD is used when the researcher wants to
gain insight from a group of people talking about
issues relevant to the study.
OBSERVATION

• It plays a significant role in gathering qualitative data since

there are data that a researcher may not be able to gather
from other sources, such as interviews. Observation could be
participant observation (the researcher talks to people
informally to to know more about something being observed)
or silent observation (the researcher observes without talking
to anyone in the setting)
WRITTEN DOCUMENTS

• These are existing documents needed to understand

better the event being studied. Ex. letters, manuals,
attendance sheets, and others
PICTURES, AUDIOS AND VIDEOS

• These provide additional information related to your

research study. Videos actually capture a lot of
details about the topic being explored.
REMEMBER BEFORE COLLECTING DATA

 Permission to collect data should always be asked first and it is much better in
written form.
 Participants should be interviewed voluntarily and willingly and should be
informed of their participation to the study being conducted. Let them sign an
Informed Consent Form prior to the interview.
 Validated observation guide or interview guide should be prepared beforehand
 Participant’s consent should be sought first before using audio or video recorder.
 Observe confidentiality of information and privacy of interview.
 Avoid giving judgement to the participant, to the information gathered or to any
observation you obtained. Always bear in mind that you are gathering information
for research purposes and not for any other else.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

• A research instrument is a tool used to gather

relevant information which will be subjected to
certain analysis procedures. This could be
researcher-made or standardized.
COMMON RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

• Interview questions
• Observation Checklist
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

• These arelist of questions individually

that will be
asked group tothe participants,
(focus group discussion). or in
• Follow-up questions may be asked if necessary
(semi-structured)
OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

It contains the observable behavior or criteria that

can be possibly observed among the participants.
However, expect that not all observations are pre-
stated in your checklist.
 SAMPLE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:

(Topic: Adjustments of Senior High Students in Time of Pandemic

1. What were your experiences as a student in pre-pandemic times
(those years without COVID pandemic)?
2. How are you today with the new normal setting of education?
3. What change in your student life when we are hit by the pandemic?
4. How did you deal with these changes? How did you cope up?
5. What are your realizations from this pandemic experience?
SAMPLE OBSERVATION CHECKLIST

• Show observation checklist in Docx format

THAT’S ALL FOR TODAY!

• We will talk about the Data Analysis Procedure on our next meeting
SHORT QUIZ

To be given on Thursday