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Basic principles of pharmacology
Basic principles of pharmacology
Basic principles of pharmacology
health sciences
Department of Anesthesia
body
Pharmacokinetics is defined by four parameters:
absorption, distribution,
biotransformation(metabolism), and excretion
Elimination implies drug removal by both
subcutaneous(slowest), intramuscular(less
fast) , and intravenous(fastest) routes of
administration
ROUTES OF SYSTEMIC DRUG
Transdermal drug administration has the
advantage of prolonged and continuous
absorption with a minimal total drug dose
Parenteral injection includes
subcutaneous(slowest), intramuscular(less
fast) , and intravenous(fastest) routes of
administration
Subcutaneous and intramuscular absorption
the cell
Cell then responds accordingly
Receptor Concept
Agonist
A chemical that binds to a receptor and
Antagonist
A chemical that binds to a receptor but
type of receptor
Ideally a drug would only bind to the receptor(s)
are
totally specific for just one type of receptor
Hence, unwanted effects and side
effects
Receptor Concept
Example
Beta (β) receptors –B1, B2and B3
Β1 receptors– heart, kidney, stomach
Β2 receptors– smooth muscle, fat cells,
to lower concentration
There is NO carrier
mechanism
Water soluble drugs cross the membrane via
Route of administration
Brain>Lungs>Liver>Heart>
Kidneys>Skeletal
Muscle>Adipose Tissue, Skin
and Viscera
Volume of Distribution
Once a drug enters the body (any route), distributes to :-
Plasma Compartment
Protein bound
Hydrophilic (Lipophobic)
Hydrophobic (Lipophilic)
Volume of distribution (Vd)
Measurement of the extent to which a drug is
dissolved throughout the body’s
compartments
We have to estimate because we can only
membranes
Plasma or tissue protein binding properties
High protein binding leaves less drug
tissues
Plasma Protein Binding
therapeutic range
•e.g. phenytoin
Factors affecting drug metabolism
babies)
Enzyme Inducing Drugs
Phenytoin
Phenobarbitone
CarbamAazepine
Rifampicin
Griseofulvin
Chronic alcohol
intake
Smoking
Enzyme Inhibiting Drugs
TAHIR ROBA
Factors affecting drug excretion